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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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The position of an object defines its location relative to a convenient frame of reference at any particular time. A frame of reference is an arbitrary set of axes from which the position and motion of an object are described. Earth is often used as a frame of reference, and we often describe the position of an object as it relates to stationary objects on Earth. For example, a rocket launch could be described in terms of the position of the rocket with respect to Earth as a whole. On the other...
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The serial position effect is a cognitive phenomenon where individuals are more likely to recall the first and last items in a list compared to those in the middle. This effect is divided into the primacy effect and the recency effect. The primacy effect is observed when the initial items in a list are remembered better. This occurs because these items are rehearsed more frequently or receive more elaborative processing, allowing them to be encoded into long-term memory more effectively. For...
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A position vector is a fundamental concept in mathematics that helps determine the position of one point with respect to another point in space. It is a vector that describes the direction and distance between two points. Position vectors are highly useful in the field of math and science, as they help represent spatial relationships and make calculations easier.
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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
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Work is done on an object when energy is transferred to the object. In other words, work is done when a force acts on a body that undergoes a displacement from one position to another. By definition, the work done by a force is the integral of the force with respect to the displacement along its path. Forces can vary as a function of position, and displacements can occur along various paths between two points. The magnitude of a force multiplied by the cosine of the angle that the force makes...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

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Prone position surgery for a subcarinal bronchogenic cyst.

Toru Nakamura1, Ryo Fujikawa2, Yoshiro Otsuki3

  • 1Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, 2-12-12 Sumiyoshi, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan. tonakamu@sis.seirei.or.jp.

Surgical Case Reports
|December 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Prone position surgery offers a superior operative field for removing subcarinal tumors, such as bronchogenic cysts. This technique facilitates minimally invasive thoracoscopic surgery, even in complex cases requiring bilateral ventilation.

Keywords:
Bronchogenic cystProne positionThoracoscopic surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Thoracic Surgery
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Prone position surgery is increasingly adopted for esophageal cancer, offering advantages over the lateral decubitus approach.
  • Carbon dioxide insufflation and gravity enhance the operative field, minimizing the need for parenchymal retraction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case of subcarinal bronchogenic cyst removal using prone position surgery.
  • To evaluate the feasibility and benefits of thoracoscopic surgery in the prone position for subcarinal masses.

Main Methods:

  • A 65-year-old male patient with a subcarinal mass underwent surgical resection in the prone position.
  • Thoracoscopic surgery was performed, maintaining an excellent operative field despite the need for bilateral ventilation due to hypoxemia.

Main Results:

  • Successful removal of a subcarinal bronchogenic cyst was achieved.
  • The prone position provided an excellent operative view, obviating the need for additional parenchymal retraction.

Conclusions:

  • Thoracoscopic surgery in the prone position is a viable approach for subcarinal tumors.
  • This technique offers an excellent operative view and can facilitate solo surgery, reducing reliance on assistants.