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Protein Complex Assembly02:41

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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
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Ortho–para directors are substituent groups attached to the benzene ring and direct the addition of an electrophile to the positions ortho or para to the substituent. All electron-donating groups are considered ortho–para directors. They donate electrons to the ring and make the ring more electron-rich. The ring is therefore susceptible to the addition of electrophiles. Substituents such as amino, hydroxy, or alkoxy, containing lone pairs on the atom adjacent to the ring, donate...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
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Directing Foldamer Self-Assembly with a Cyclopropanoyl Cap.

Danim Lim1,2, Hyunjoong Kim1,3, Jintaek Gong1,2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|January 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new method using cyclopropanoyl caps to control the self-assembly of organic materials like foldamers (foldamer architectures). This strategy enhances material assembly and directs specific bonding, enabling new applications.

Keywords:
density functional calculationsfoldamershydrogen bondsself-assemblystructure elucidation

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Rational design of self-assembling organic materials is difficult due to unpredictable solid-state architectures, especially with flexible synthons.
  • Predicting and controlling the self-assembly of conformationally flexible molecules remains a significant challenge in materials science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a tractable model system for studying and controlling the self-assembly of organic materials.
  • To investigate the role of specific noncovalent interactions in directing the formation of ordered structures from foldamers.

Main Methods:

  • Appending cyclopropanoyl caps to N termini of helical α/β-peptide foldamers to promote specific hydrogen bonding (N-H⋅⋅⋅O and Cα -H⋅⋅⋅O).
  • Combined analytical techniques and computational investigations, including Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, to analyze self-assembly and bonding.
  • Crystallographic analysis to determine the solid-state structures and molecular packing of the self-assembled foldamers.

Main Results:

  • Cyclopropanoyl capping significantly enhanced self-assembly in challenging substrates and directed a single, conserved intermolecular N-H⋅⋅⋅O/Cα -H⋅⋅⋅O bonding motif.
  • Foldamers in single crystals and foldectures (foldamer architectures) exhibited different secondary structures and packing modes, despite the conserved bonding motif.
  • DFT calculations confirmed the attractive nature of the N-H⋅⋅⋅O/Cα -H⋅⋅⋅O interaction created by the cap, validating its influence on self-assembly.

Conclusions:

  • The cyclopropanoyl capping strategy provides a versatile method for the rational design of self-assembling organic materials.
  • This approach allows for precise control over intermolecular interactions, leading to predictable foldamer architectures (foldectures).
  • The findings accelerate the exploration of new self-assembling substrates and the development of novel applications in organic materials.