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Related Concept Videos

Second Order systems II01:18

Second Order systems II

406
In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
406
First Order Systems01:21

First Order Systems

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First-order systems, such as RC circuits, are foundational in understanding dynamic systems due to their straightforward input-output relationship. Analyzing their responses to different input functions under zero initial conditions reveals significant insights into system behavior.
When a first-order system is subjected to a unit-step input, its response is characterized by its transfer function. By applying the Laplace transform of the unit-step input to the transfer function, expanding the...
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Second Order systems I01:20

Second Order systems I

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A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
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Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
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Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or histone proteins. It also helps determine the type of histone modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms
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Fluorescence lifetime-activated droplet sorting in microfluidic chip systems.

Sadat Hasan1, David Geissler, Konstantin Wink

  • 1Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. belder@uni-leipzig.de.

Lab on a Chip
|January 4, 2019
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Summary

We developed a novel microfluidic fluorescence lifetime-activated droplet sorting (FLADS) method. This technology efficiently sorts droplets based on fluorescence lifetime, enabling precise lab-on-a-chip applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Microfluidics

Background:

  • Droplet manipulation is crucial for lab-on-a-chip systems.
  • Distinguishing droplets based on fluorescence lifetime offers new analytical possibilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel microfluidic fluorescence lifetime-activated droplet sorting (FLADS) technology.
  • To demonstrate the capability of FLADS for sorting droplets containing different fluorescent compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a microfluidic setup for real-time fluorescence lifetime determination.
  • Implementation of a LabVIEW program for triggering sorting based on fluorescence lifetime.
  • Utilizing dielectrophoretic forces for droplet sorting.

Main Results:

  • Successful sorting of droplets based on fluorescence lifetime.
  • Reliable performance across substrate concentrations from 1 nM to 1 mM.
  • Demonstrated ability to differentiate mixtures within individual droplets.

Conclusions:

  • FLADS is a highly efficient technology for droplet manipulation in microfluidic devices.
  • This approach enables precise sorting and differentiation of droplets based on fluorescence lifetime.
  • FLADS offers a powerful tool for advanced lab-on-a-chip applications.