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Related Concept Videos

Impedance Combination01:21

Impedance Combination

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Consider a string of christmas lights, each bulb symbolizing an impedance element. In this series configuration, the flow of electric current remains uniform across every component. This behavior aligns with Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), which asserts that the total impedance in such a setup equals the sum of individual impedances—akin to resistors in series. It follows that the voltage from the power source is distributed proportionally among these components, adhering to the voltage...
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Impedances and Admittance01:23

Impedances and Admittance

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In the realm of AC circuits, passive circuit elements like resistors, inductors, and capacitors take on a different character when characterized by phasor voltage and current. Their behavior is expressed through impedance, a vital concept in AC circuit analysis.
Impedance is a measure of resistance to sinusoidal current flow in an AC circuit. Unlike their behavior in DC circuits, where inductors appear as short circuits and capacitors as open circuits, the behavior of these components in AC...
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Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line01:27

Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line

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Calculating series impedances for a three-phase overhead line involves evaluating resistances and inductive reactances in a network with three-phase and multiple neutral conductors grounded at regular intervals.
Using Kirchhoff's laws, an integro-differential equation for the network is derived. This equation accounts for unbalanced phase currents, which may induce return currents through neutral wires and the earth, seeking the least impedance path. Earth return conductors can replace the...
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Bus Impedance Matrix01:24

Bus Impedance Matrix

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Calculating subtransient fault currents for three-phase faults in an N-bus power system involves using the positive-sequence network. When a three-phase short circuit occurs at a specific bus, the analysis uses the superposition method to evaluate two separate circuits.
In the first circuit, all machine voltage sources are short-circuited, leaving only the prefault voltage source at the fault location. The positive-sequence bus impedance matrix can be determined by solving the nodal equations,...
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Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

452
Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
Under normal conditions, low load currents keep the measured...
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RLC Series Circuits: Impedance01:29

RLC Series Circuits: Impedance

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When current flow is opposed in a DC or AC circuit, it is referred to as resistance or impedance, respectively. Impedance plays a key role in determining the performance of AC circuits. It is represented by Z, which is a combination of resistance and reactance, and depends upon the angular frequency, measured in ohms.
Thus, the magnitude of the impedance is given by the following equation,
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Generation of Alginate Microspheres for Biomedical Applications
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CMOS-Based Multifrequency Impedance Analyzer for Biomedical Applications.

Daniele Allegri, Achille Donida, Piero Malcovati

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    This study introduces a novel monolithic microsystem for bioimpedance analysis, electroimpedance tomography, and electrocardiogram recording. The mixed-signal system demonstrates high accuracy and a wide frequency range, offering a versatile solution for biomedical measurements.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Microsystems Technology

    Background:

    • Traditional bioimpedance analysis and electroimpedance tomography often rely on complex, multi-component analog systems.
    • Integrating multiple physiological signal acquisition functionalities into a single chip can enhance portability and reduce system complexity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a monolithic microsystem capable of performing bioimpedance analysis (BIA), electroimpedance tomography (EIT), and electrocardiogram (ECG) signal recording.
    • To evaluate the performance of a mixed analog/digital approach for these biomedical measurements.

    Main Methods:

    • Design, implementation, and testing of a monolithic microsystem using a 0.35-μm CMOS technology.
    • Utilizing a mixed analog/digital solution for signal generation and detection across a frequency range of 10 kHz to 10 MHz.
    • Characterization of circuit performance, including Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) and equivalent input noise power spectral density.

    Main Results:

    • The microsystem achieved a wide tuning range from 10 kHz to 10 MHz with 1 kHz steps.
    • High CMRR was observed, ranging from 81 dB at 10 kHz to 84 dB at 10 MHz.
    • Equivalent input noise power spectral density was measured to be as low as 1.8 nV/√Hz at 1 MHz.
    • Validation against a Precision LCR Meter showed a maximal relative error of 0.8% for RC network measurements.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed monolithic microsystem offers a high-performance, integrated solution for BIA, EIT, and ECG.
    • The mixed analog/digital design provides a favorable balance of performance and complexity for biomedical sensing applications.
    • The system's accuracy and noise performance suggest its potential for advanced diagnostic and monitoring tools.