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Related Concept Videos

Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

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Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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The Hall Effect01:30

The Hall Effect

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
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An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
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When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection
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Low-Voltage-Operated Highly Sensitive Graphene Hall Elements by Ionic Gating.

Joonggyu Kim1,2, Junhong Na1, Min-Kyu Joo3

  • 1Department of Energy Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|January 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Advanced ion-gated graphene Hall sensors offer high sensitivity above 3000 V/AT with low 0.5 V operation. These graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) magnetic sensors achieve excellent performance using scalable fabrication and ionic liquid gating.

Keywords:
Hall element arraygrapheneionic gatinglow-voltage operationmagnetic Hall sensor

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) are promising for magnetic sensing.
  • Traditional Hall sensors often require higher operating voltages.
  • Ionic liquid gating offers enhanced carrier control in GFETs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize an advanced Hall magnetic sensor utilizing an ion-gated graphene field-effect transistor (ig-GHE).
  • To evaluate the sensitivity and operational voltage of the ig-GHE device.
  • To assess the feasibility of large-area fabrication using semiconductor-compatible processes.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of large-area ig-GHE arrays from graphene-on-SiO2 wafers using CMOS-compatible processes.
  • Application of ionic liquid electrolyte to the exposed graphene channel and gate electrode.
  • Electrical characterization, including sensitivity measurements and low-frequency noise analysis.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high current-normalized sensitivity exceeding 3000 V/AT.
  • Demonstrated low operation voltages below 0.5 V.
  • Identified non-uniform carrier concentration as a limitation under high bias.

Conclusions:

  • The ion-gated graphene Hall element (ig-GHE) exhibits excellent magnetic sensing capabilities at low operating voltages.
  • Enhanced carrier tunability via ionic gating is key to the device's high sensitivity.
  • The fabrication process is scalable, paving the way for practical applications.