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Related Concept Videos

Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

137.8K
One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Secondary Active Transport01:32

Secondary Active Transport

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
198.3K
Primary Active Transport01:29

Primary Active Transport

14.2K
In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
14.2K
Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources02:03

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources

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The xylem of vascular plants distributes water and dissolved minerals that are taken up by the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that transport xylem sap are dead upon maturity, and the movement of xylem sap is a passive process.
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Active Transport01:14

Active Transport

2.1K
Active transport is a critical biological process that allows cells to move solutes against an electrochemical gradient. This process requires direct energy input and is characterized by its selectivity, saturability, and susceptibility to competitive inhibition.
Primary active transporters, like Na+, K+ and -ATPase, directly utilize ATP to move ions across the membrane. These transporters play significant roles in various physiological processes. For instance, Na+, K+ and -ATPase maintain...
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Window on a Microworld: Simple Microfluidic Systems for Studying Microbial Transport in Porous Media
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Nutrient Transport Driven by Microbial Active Carpets.

Arnold J T M Mathijssen1, Francisca Guzmán-Lastra2,3, Andreas Kaiser4

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|January 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Active carpets of bacteria and colloids create nutrient-replenishing flows. This self-organization is crucial for maintaining their activity and function, especially within confined environments.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics of active matter
  • Microbiology
  • Colloidal science

Background:

  • Active matter systems, such as bacterial colonies and self-propelled colloids, exhibit complex emergent behaviors.
  • Understanding the self-organization and transport mechanisms within these systems is crucial for their functionality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the generation of coherent flows by active carpets.
  • To explore the role of these flows in nutrient replenishment and sustaining activity.
  • To develop a theoretical framework for active matter currents and their applications.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of active matter density and velocity gradients.
  • Application of the theory to phenomena like bacterial turbulence, topological defects, and clustering.
  • Analysis of spatiotemporal patterns and the effect of confinement.

Main Results:

  • Active carpets generate directed flows towards the substrate.
  • These currents efficiently replenish nutrients, creating a feedback loop for sustained activity.
  • Complex, tunable spatiotemporal flow patterns emerge, influenced by confinement.
  • The study identified the critical role of carpet architecture diversity in maintaining biofunctionality.

Conclusions:

  • Coherent flows are a fundamental self-organization principle in active matter carpets.
  • Nutrient transport via these currents is essential for system viability and function.
  • Theoretical insights provide a framework for understanding and controlling active matter dynamics.