Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Fundamental Attribution Error01:14

Fundamental Attribution Error

13.8K
According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is...
13.8K
Locus of Control01:26

Locus of Control

217
Locus of control describes how individuals perceive the causes of events in their lives, influencing motivation and well-being. Introduced by Julian Rotter in 1954, it is categorized into internal and external locus of control.Internal Locus of ControlIndividuals with an internal locus of control believe their actions determine outcomes, fostering responsibility, self-efficacy, and motivation. For example, an employee may attribute career success to hard work. Research links this mindset to...
217
Cognitive Dissonance01:38

Cognitive Dissonance

37.5K
Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
37.5K
Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors01:15

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

11.0K
In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
Sampling errors originate from improper sampling methods or the wrong sample population. These errors can be minimized by refining the sampling strategy. Defective instruments or faulty calibrations are the sources of instrumental...
11.0K
Root-Locus Method01:19

Root-Locus Method

513
A cruise control system in a car is designed to maintain a specified speed automatically by adjusting the gas pedal. The system continuously measures the vehicle's speed and makes fine adjustments to the pedal to achieve this goal. The root locus method is particularly useful for understanding how the cruise control system's behavior changes under varying conditions, such as when the car goes uphill, downhill, or faces strong wind resistance.
This system can be represented by a block...
513
Construction of Root Locus01:15

Construction of Root Locus

415
The construction of a root locus involves several key steps to analyze and visualize the behavior of a system's poles with varying gain. The number of branches in the root locus equals the number of closed-loop poles and is symmetrical about the real axis.
For positive gain values, the root locus exists on the real axis to the left of an odd number of finite open-loop poles or zeros. The root locus starts at the open-loop poles and traces the paths of the closed-loop poles as the gain...
415

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Synaptic and Circuit Mechanisms Shaping Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Outcomes Associated with 16p11.2 Copy Number Variation.

Genes·2026
Same author

Human hippocampal ripples tune cortical responses based on predicted uncertainty.

Nature neuroscience·2026
Same author

Testing and tracking in the UK: A dynamic causal modelling study.

Wellcome open research·2026
Same author

Correction to: Ultra-low-field brain MRI morphometry: Test-retest reliability and correspondence to high-field MRI.

Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)·2026
Same author

The evolutionary and organizational bases of active affordance.

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)·2026
Same author

The methodological foundations of lesion network mapping remain sound.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Localization of the Locus Coeruleus in the Mouse Brain
07:44

Localization of the Locus Coeruleus in the Mouse Brain

Published on: March 7, 2019

19.1K

Locus Coeruleus tracking of prediction errors optimises cognitive flexibility: An Active Inference model.

Anna C Sales1, Karl J Friston2, Matthew W Jones1

  • 1School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.

Plos Computational Biology
|January 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The locus coeruleus (LC) firing patterns, both tonic and phasic, emerge from prediction errors in active inference models. This framework unifies LC firing modes, explaining arousal, flexibility, and rapid learning during changing conditions.

More Related Videos

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation
07:26

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Published on: November 26, 2019

8.7K
Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm
07:26

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

Published on: May 4, 2020

4.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Localization of the Locus Coeruleus in the Mouse Brain
07:44

Localization of the Locus Coeruleus in the Mouse Brain

Published on: March 7, 2019

19.1K
Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation
07:26

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Published on: November 26, 2019

8.7K
Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm
07:26

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

Published on: May 4, 2020

4.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • The locus coeruleus (LC) is the brain's primary source of noradrenaline (NA).
  • LC firing exhibits distinct tonic and phasic modes, linked to arousal, flexibility, and salient stimuli.
  • Existing models do not fully integrate these firing modes within a unified cognitive framework.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model the locus coeruleus (LC) firing as a prediction error signal within the Active Inference (AI) framework.
  • To unify the understanding of tonic and phasic LC firing modes.
  • To explain how LC activity influences learning rate and belief updating.

Main Methods:

  • Simulated a Go/No-go reward learning task and an explore/exploit task using AI agents.
  • Modeled LC activity as a correlate of high-level 'state-action' prediction errors.
  • Investigated the role of cortico-LC connections and LC ascending projections to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).

Main Results:

  • Tonic and phasic LC firing modes emerged as features of belief updating when LC activity reflected state-action prediction errors.
  • AI agents demonstrated faster internal model updates when state-action prediction errors modulated learning rates.
  • Cortico-LC connections were proposed to mediate prediction errors, while LC projections to ACC modulate belief updating.

Conclusions:

  • The LC/noradrenaline (NA) system can be characterized within a general theory of brain function based on Active Inference.
  • Contrasting, behavior-dependent LC firing patterns are an emergent property of translating state-action prediction errors.
  • This framework suggests LC activity balances neural plasticity and stability for optimal learning.