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Related Concept Videos

Social Relationships and Well-Being01:30

Social Relationships and Well-Being

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The significance of social relationships in psychological well-being is a well-established area of inquiry within social psychology. Research consistently demonstrates that the presence of meaningful, supportive relationships enhances emotional health, while the absence or deterioration of such connections can contribute to psychological distress. Relationships serve as a foundation for emotional support, identity, and social belonging, all of which are critical to an individual’s overall...
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Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated,...
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Social traps are negative situations where people get caught in a direction or relationship that later proves to be unpleasant, with no easy way to back out of or avoid. The concept was orignally introduced by John Platt who applied psychology to Garrett Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons", where in New England herd owners could let their cattle graze in the common ground. This situation seems like a good idea, but an individual could have an advantage. If they owned...
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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test
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Differences in Social Isolation and Its Relationship to Health by Rurality.

Carrie Henning-Smith1, Ira Moscovice1, Katy Kozhimannil1

  • 1Rural Health Research Center, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Division of Health Policy and Management, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

The Journal of Rural Health : Official Journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association
|January 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Rural older adults generally experience less social isolation and more social connections than their urban counterparts. However, loneliness varies by race and ethnicity within rural populations, necessitating tailored interventions.

Keywords:
lonelinessolder adultssocial determinants of healthsocial isolationsocial support

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Public Health
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Social isolation is a significant public health concern.
  • Rural areas often exhibit poorer health outcomes and greater social isolation.
  • Research on rural-urban differences in social isolation among older adults is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate rural-urban disparities in social isolation among US older adults.
  • To examine differences in social isolation across various rurality levels (micropolitan, noncore).
  • To assess the relationship between rurality, sociodemographic factors, and loneliness.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from Wave 2 of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (n=2,439).
  • Compared urban and rural residents across multiple dimensions of social isolation.
  • Conducted multivariable analyses for associations between rurality, sociodemographics, loneliness, and self-rated health.

Main Results:

  • Rural residents reported more social relationships than urban residents.
  • Micropolitan rural residents showed lower loneliness rates and higher family support compared to urban residents.
  • Noncore rural, non-Hispanic Black residents exhibited a higher likelihood of reporting loneliness.

Conclusions:

  • Rural older adults generally experience less social isolation than urban counterparts, but with significant within-rural variations.
  • Racial and ethnic differences in perceived loneliness exist among rural residents.
  • Interventions for social isolation must be geographically tailored and address specific within-rural risk factors.