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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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The "center" of a data set is also a way of describing location. The two most widely used measures of the "center" of the data are the mean (average) and the median. The words "mean" and "average" are often used interchangeably. The substitution of one word for the other is common practice. The technical term is "arithmetic mean" and "average" is technically a center location. However, in practice among non-statisticians,...
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Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement (a unit), and an indication of the uncertainty of the measurement. While the number and unit are explicitly represented when a quantity is written, the uncertainty is an aspect of the errors in the measurement results.
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Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical...
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All the digits in a measurement, including the uncertain last digit, are called significant figures or significant digits. Note that zero may be a measured value; for example, if a scale that shows weight to the nearest pound reads “140,” then the 1 (hundreds), 4 (tens), and 0 (ones) are all significant (measured) values.
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The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, amount of substance, and luminosity. These are called the SI base units.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Activating Autophagy by Aerobic Exercise in Mice
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Measuring Antibacterial Autophagy.

Keith B Boyle1, Felix Randow2,3

  • 1Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|January 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autophagy targets bacteria in the cell cytosol, restricting their growth. This study details methods to assess antibacterial autophagy using microscopy and colony-forming unit assays.

Keywords:
Colony-forming unitGalectinImmunofluorescenceSalmonellaUbiquitin

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Live Cell Imaging of Early Autophagy Events: Omegasomes and Beyond
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Live Cell Imaging of Early Autophagy Events: Omegasomes and Beyond

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Bacteria escaping host cell vacuoles to the cytosol trigger cellular defense mechanisms.
  • Autophagy is a cellular process that engulfs and degrades damaged organelles and pathogens.
  • Cytosolic bacteria are recognized and sequestered by autophagosomes for elimination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe methods for assessing the efficacy of antibacterial autophagy.
  • To provide protocols for quantifying the cellular response to cytosolic bacterial invasion.

Main Methods:

  • Immunofluorescence microscopy to visualize and count autophagy proteins at bacterial sites.
  • Colony-forming unit (CFU) assays to measure the proliferation of bacteria within host cells.
  • Assessing the recruitment of autophagy proteins to cytosolic bacteria.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated visualization of autophagy protein recruitment to cytosolic bacteria.
  • Quantified the restriction of bacterial proliferation mediated by autophagy.
  • Established reliable methods for studying antibacterial autophagy.

Conclusions:

  • Antibacterial autophagy effectively restricts the proliferation of cytosolic bacteria.
  • Immunofluorescence microscopy and CFU assays are robust methods for evaluating antibacterial autophagy.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing novel antimicrobial strategies.