Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

32.8K
Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
32.8K
Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - II01:28

Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - II

1.2K
The Bradford Hill criteria serve as guidelines for establishing causative links in epidemiological research. Beyond Strength, Consistency, Specificity, and Temporality, key criteria also include Biological Gradient, Plausibility, Coherence, Experiment, and Analogy. These principles assist scientists in assessing the likelihood of causation in complex biological contexts. Below is a summary of these concepts:
1.2K
Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - I01:30

Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - I

1.1K
The Bradford Hill criteria are a group of principles that provide a framework to determine a causal relationship between a specific factor and a disease. There are nine criteria that are pivotal in assessing causality in epidemiological studies. Here's a closer look at Strength, Consistency, Specificity, and Temporality criteria with definitions and examples:
1.1K
Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation01:13

Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation

936
Insufficient sleep refers to not getting the recommended amount of sleep for optimal functioning, even if it's just slightly less than needed. Sleep insufficiency may occur due to lifestyle choices, such as staying up late for social events or work, resulting in routinely getting less sleep than required. For example, consistently sleeping 6 hours when the body needs 7-9 hours can lead to cumulative effects on health and well-being.
Sleep deprivation is a more severe form of sleep loss...
936
Region of Convergence01:17

Region of Convergence

924
The z-transform is a powerful mathematical tool used in the analysis of discrete-time signals and systems. It is a crucial tool in the analysis of discrete-time systems, but its convergence is limited to specific values of the complex variable z. This range of values, known as the Region of Convergence (ROC), is fundamental in determining the behavior and stability of a system or signal. The ROC defines the region in the complex plane where the z-transform converges, which can take various...
924
Convergence of Fourier Series01:21

Convergence of Fourier Series

400
The Fourier series is a powerful mathematical tool for representing periodic signals as an infinite sum of complex exponentials. In practice, this infinite series is truncated to a finite number of terms, yielding a partial sum. This truncation makes the approximation of the signal feasible but introduces certain challenges, particularly near discontinuities, known as the Gibbs phenomenon.
The Gibbs phenomenon refers to the persistent oscillations and overshoots that occur near discontinuities...
400

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Testability and test-retest reliability of SpotChecks Contrast Sensitivity Test in children with unilateral amblyopia.

Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry·2026
Same author

Examining Guidelines for Late Follow-up of Non-treatment-Requiring Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus·2026
Same author

Comparison of Ventilation Support During Laser Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

New Options for Reducing Myopia Progression.

Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus·2026
Same author

Strabismus surgery complicated by levator dehiscence.

American journal of ophthalmology case reports·2026
Same author

Post-pandemic changes in demographics and outcomes of children at an inner-city vision outreach program: Give Kids Sight Day.

Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus·2025
Same journal

Lipemia retinalis in a neonate with Kaufman oculocerebrofacial syndrome: a case of co-occurrence.

Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus·2026
Same journal

Extensive conjunctival papillomatosis in focal dermal hypoplasia.

Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus·2026
Same journal

Dacryoendoscopic findings and treatment of congenital lacrimal duct obstruction in Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome: a case series.

Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus·2026
Same journal

A presumed case of tinea blepharociliaris in a 10-year-old boy.

Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus·2026
Same journal

Ferret attack requiring eyelid, lacrimal system, and facial reconstruction to restore anatomy and function.

Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus·2026
Same journal

Postoperative syphilitic scleritis following strabismus surgery.

Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Natural Product Discovery with LC-MS/MS Diagnostic Fragmentation Filtering: Application for Microcystin Analysis
07:18

Natural Product Discovery with LC-MS/MS Diagnostic Fragmentation Filtering: Application for Microcystin Analysis

Published on: May 31, 2019

9.4K

Inconsistent diagnostic criteria for convergence insufficiency.

Judith B Lavrich1, Naomie J K Warner1, Alexander J Hauschild2

  • 1Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Adult Strabismus, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Journal of AAPOS : the Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
|January 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Convergence insufficiency (CI) diagnosis lacks uniformity among eye care professionals. This study found significant variability in how CI is diagnosed, highlighting the need for standardized criteria.

More Related Videos

Novel Diagnostics in Revision Arthroplasty: Implant Sonication and Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
10:35

Novel Diagnostics in Revision Arthroplasty: Implant Sonication and Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction

Published on: December 3, 2017

11.5K
Convergent Polishing: A Simple, Rapid, Full Aperture Polishing Process of High Quality Optical Flats & Spheres
13:07

Convergent Polishing: A Simple, Rapid, Full Aperture Polishing Process of High Quality Optical Flats & Spheres

Published on: December 1, 2014

11.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Natural Product Discovery with LC-MS/MS Diagnostic Fragmentation Filtering: Application for Microcystin Analysis
07:18

Natural Product Discovery with LC-MS/MS Diagnostic Fragmentation Filtering: Application for Microcystin Analysis

Published on: May 31, 2019

9.4K
Novel Diagnostics in Revision Arthroplasty: Implant Sonication and Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
10:35

Novel Diagnostics in Revision Arthroplasty: Implant Sonication and Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction

Published on: December 3, 2017

11.5K
Convergent Polishing: A Simple, Rapid, Full Aperture Polishing Process of High Quality Optical Flats & Spheres
13:07

Convergent Polishing: A Simple, Rapid, Full Aperture Polishing Process of High Quality Optical Flats & Spheres

Published on: December 1, 2014

11.6K

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Optometry
  • Vision Science

Background:

  • Convergence insufficiency (CI) is a prevalent condition characterized by near-vision symptoms.
  • Existing literature reveals inconsistent diagnostic criteria for CI, leading to potential misdiagnosis.
  • Lack of standardized clinical examination contributes to diagnostic ambiguity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the uniformity of diagnostic criteria for convergence insufficiency (CI).
  • To assess diagnostic consistency within a defined group of ophthalmologists.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of medical records for 387 patients diagnosed with CI.
  • Data collected included patient demographics, symptoms, visual acuity, and convergence testing.
  • Exclusion of patients with prior CI treatment, strabismus surgery, or other strabismus causes.

Main Results:

  • Significant lack of uniformity observed in the clinical evaluation and diagnosis of CI among practitioners.
  • Near point of convergence (NPC) amplitude showed high variability.
  • Most clinicians did not assess convergence movement quality or fusional amplitudes for diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates a wide range of diagnostic criteria for CI even within a single group of practitioners.
  • Findings underscore the need for an evidence-based definition and standardized diagnostic approach for CI.
  • Current diagnostic practices for CI require refinement to ensure accuracy and consistency.