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Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
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Basal Lamina are the Specialized Form of ECM01:03

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The basal lamina is a thin extracellular layer that lies underneath the cells and separates them from other tissues. The three layers of the basal lamina are lamina lucida, lamina densa and lamina reticularis. The basal lamina, a mixture of glycoproteins and collagen, provides an attachment site for the epithelium, separating it from underlying connective tissue. The framework of basal lamina has other essential proteins such as laminins mesh, perlecan, entactin, and type IV collagen.
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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Creating Avian Forebrain Chimeras to Assess Facial Development
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Basal forebrain subcortical projections.

Lindsay J Agostinelli1,2, Joel C Geerling1,2, Thomas E Scammell3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.

Brain Structure & Function
|January 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The basal forebrain

Keywords:
AcetylcholineAnterogradeGABAMiceSubstantia innominataTracing

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neuroanatomy
  • Cellular Neuroscience

Background:

  • The basal forebrain (BF) has diverse neuronal populations (cholinergic, glutamatergic, GABA-ergic) and regions.
  • Ascending BF projections to the cortex are well-studied, but descending projections to subcortical areas are less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To map subcortical projection patterns from distinct BF regions and neurochemical cell types.
  • To elucidate the role of BF descending projections in regulating subcortical functions.

Main Methods:

  • Conditional anterograde tracing in mice.
  • Utilized Cre-driver lines for cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurons.
  • Detailed anatomical mapping of neuronal projections.

Main Results:

  • Different BF regions project to specific subcortical targets.
  • Caudal and lateral BF regions (substantia innominata, magnocellular preoptic area) show more subcortical projections.
  • Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons exhibit distinct descending projection patterns; cholinergic projections are sparse.

Conclusions:

  • The BF influences subcortical structures through diverse descending projections.
  • Glutamatergic and GABAergic BF neurons play significant roles in subcortical pathway.
  • BF likely modulates arousal, motivation, and other behaviors via subcortical targets.