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Thousands of artificial satellites orbit the Earth every day at various distances from the Earth. Satellites that orbit the Earth below an altitude of 1,600 km are considered to be orbiting in low-Earth orbit (LEO). Research satellites and Earth observation satellites are usually placed in LEO, and mostly orbit the Earth in elliptical orbits. Navigation satellites are placed in medium-Earth orbit (MEO), ranging from 2,000 km to 36,000 km from the surface of the Earth. Meanwhile, communication...

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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Augmented Reality Navigation-Guided Core Decompression for Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head

Augmented Reality Navigation-Guided Core Decompression for Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head

Published on: April 12, 2022

BeiDou Augmented Navigation from Low Earth Orbit Satellites.

Mudan Su^1,2, Xing Su³, Qile Zhao^4,5

¹GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China. PeonySu@whu.edu.cn.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|January 10, 2019

Summary

Integrating Lower Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites with the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System significantly enhances satellite visibility and reduces convergence time for Precise Point Positioning (PPP). This LEO augmentation offers a promising, economical alternative to current Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS).

Keywords:

LEO PPP ambiguity convergence time navigation

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Area of Science:

Satellite Navigation Systems
Orbital Mechanics
Geodesy

Background:

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) using Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites suffer from weak signals, susceptibility to interference, and slow convergence for high-accuracy positioning.
Limitations in MEO-based GNSS hinder performance in challenging environments and real-time applications requiring centimeter-level accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate and theoretically analyze the advantages of using Lower Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites for navigation.
To assess the performance of a simulated LEO constellation augmenting the BeiDou-3 system.
To demonstrate the potential of LEO constellations as a complementary or alternative navigation system.

Main Methods:

Simulation of a LEO constellation (120 satellites at ~975 km altitude) alongside the BeiDou-3 system (GEO, IGSO, MEO satellites).
Analysis of theoretical advantages of LEO navigation.
Performance assessment using simulated data, focusing on satellite visibility, Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP), and Precise Point Positioning (PPP) convergence time.

Main Results:

Significant improvements in satellite visibility and PDOP were observed, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, when LEO data was combined with BeiDou-3.
Precise Point Positioning (PPP) convergence time was drastically reduced from approximately 30 minutes to 1 minute.
LEO augmentation shows particular promise for real-time PPP applications.

Conclusions:

LEO satellite constellations offer a viable solution to overcome the limitations of current MEO-based GNSS.
Augmenting existing systems like BeiDou-3 with LEO satellites significantly enhances navigation performance and accuracy.
The abundance of commercial LEO communication constellations presents an economically feasible pathway for widespread LEO-based navigation.