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Related Concept Videos

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography01:18

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

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Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) provides a beneficial substitute for gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) for certain samples because it merges the top attributes of both techniques. SFC allows the separation and analysis of compounds that GC or LC does not easily manage. These compounds are traditionally nonvolatile or thermally unstable, making GC unsuitable and lacking functional groups required for HPLC analysis.
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The Fluid Mosaic Model01:34

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The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of membranes and serves as a foundation for future membrane-related studies. The model depicts the structure of the plasma membrane with a variety of components, which include phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. These integral molecules are loosely bound, defining the cell’s border and providing fluidity for optimal function.
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When a fluid is in constant acceleration, the pressure and buoyant force equations are modified. Suppose a beaker is placed in an elevator accelerating upward with a constant acceleration, a. In the beaker, assume there is a thin cylinder of height h with an infinitesimal cross-sectional area, ΔS.
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a colorless liquid that flows around the brain and the spinal cord, playing a vital role in the protection, support, and overall function of the central nervous system (CNS). CSF production, circulation, and absorption are tightly regulated processes essential for the brain and spinal cord to function properly.
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Characteristics of Fluids

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Fluids differ from solids primarily in their molecular structure and stress response. Solids have tightly packed molecules with strong intermolecular forces, maintaining their shape and resisting deformation. In contrast, fluids have molecules spaced farther apart with weaker forces, allowing them to flow and deform easily.
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Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials
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Microencapsulation and Nanoencapsulation Using Supercritical Fluid (SCF) Techniques.

Soon Hong Soh1, Lai Yeng Lee2,3

  • 1Newcastle Research and Innovation Institute, 80 Jurong East Street 21, #05-04 Devan Nair Institute for Employment & Employability, Singapore 609607, Singapore. S.H.Soh1@newcastle.ac.uk.

Pharmaceutics
|January 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO₂) enables advanced pharmaceutical processing, including microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation for drug delivery. This review details CO₂-based techniques for controlling particle size and drug loading.

Keywords:
microencapsulationmicroporous foamsupercritical anti-solventsupercritical carbon dioxidesupercritical drying

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Supercritical fluids, particularly supercritical carbon dioxide (CO₂), offer unique properties for pharmaceutical applications.
  • CO₂ processing allows precise control over particle size and drug loading through tunable operating conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of supercritical fluid processing techniques for pharmaceutical formulation.
  • To elucidate the role of supercritical CO₂ and the mechanisms behind various formulation processes.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed explanation of supercritical fluid processing techniques including RESS, SAS, SFEE, PGSS, drying, and polymer foaming.
  • Schematic representations illustrating equipment configurations and process mechanisms.
  • Highlighting recent advancements like fluidized bed coating and spray drying using supercritical CO₂.

Main Results:

  • Supercritical CO₂ processing facilitates the design and control of particle characteristics (size, morphology) and drug loading efficiency.
  • Various methods discussed offer distinct advantages for producing micro- and nano-encapsulated pharmaceutical products.
  • Optimization strategies for yield and drug loading are presented for major processes.

Conclusions:

  • Supercritical CO₂ is a versatile medium for developing advanced pharmaceutical formulations, particularly for drug delivery systems.
  • Understanding the mechanisms and equipment configurations is crucial for optimizing particle characteristics and drug loading.
  • Emerging techniques expand the utility of supercritical CO₂ in pharmaceutical manufacturing, enabling novel drug delivery devices.