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Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:
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According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...
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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
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General Properties of Solutions

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Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
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Sensitivity Enhancement of Soft Capacitive Pressure Sensors Using a Solvent Evaporation-Based Porosity Control Technique
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Temperature sensor probe based on intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) & reversible solute-solvent interaction in

Sumit Kumar Panja1, Satyen Saha1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Studies, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
|January 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new temperature-sensitive probe (KNP) that reveals how intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) processes change with temperature in polar protic solvents, driven by hydrogen bonding. The observed reversible solute-solvent interactions are concentration-dependent.

Keywords:
H-bonding interactionIntramolecular charge transfer (ICT)Solute-solvent interactionThermal equilibriumThermo-response acid-base equilibrium

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Area of Science:

  • Photochemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) is a fundamental photophysical process.
  • Understanding solute-solvent interactions is crucial for chemical and biological systems.
  • Temperature effects on photophysical processes are not fully elucidated in all solvent systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel temperature-sensitive ICT probe (KNP).
  • To investigate the temperature-dependent alternation of ICT processes in polar protic solvents.
  • To elucidate the role of hydrogen bonding in solute-solvent interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of the KNP probe.
  • Temperature-dependent UV-Vis spectroscopy.
  • Analysis of ICT band intensity variations with temperature and concentration.

Main Results:

  • The KNP probe exhibits temperature-sensitive ICT behavior in polar protic solvents.
  • Hydrogen bonding significantly influences solute-solvent interactions, enabling temperature sensitivity.
  • Solute-solvent interactions are reversible with temperature changes and affected by concentration.

Conclusions:

  • The developed KNP probe effectively monitors temperature-induced changes in ICT processes.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a critical role in the temperature-sensitive ICT mechanism.
  • The reversible nature of these interactions has implications for designing responsive materials.