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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Radiation: Applications01:17

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Absorption of Radiation01:05

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The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
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Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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Generating Electromagnetic Radiations01:10

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The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in...
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Momentum And Radiation Pressure01:20

Momentum And Radiation Pressure

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An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container.
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One-step Protocol for Evaluation of the Mode of Radiation-induced Clonogenic Cell Death by Fluorescence Microscopy
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Radiation-induced rescue effect.

Kwan Ngok Yu1,2

  • 1Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.

Journal of Radiation Research
|January 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The radiation-induced rescue effect (RIRE) describes how non-irradiated cells can protect irradiated cells. This review defines two RIRE types and discusses their mechanisms and impact on assays.

Keywords:
bilateral bystander responsesradiation-induced bystander effectradiation-induced rescue effectreciprocal bystander effect

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular and Molecular Biology
  • Radiation Biology
  • Radiobiology

Background:

  • The radiation-induced rescue effect (RIRE) involves protective feedback signals between irradiated and non-irradiated cells.
  • Understanding RIRE is crucial for interpreting cellular responses to radiation.
  • RIRE influences traditional assays like colony formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and define two distinct types of RIRE: Type 1 (protective) and Type 2 (exacerbating).
  • To consolidate current knowledge on RIRE mechanisms and signaling molecules.
  • To discuss the implications of RIRE for radiation biology research and assays.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on RIRE.
  • Categorization of RIRE into Type 1 and Type 2 based on observed effects.
  • Analysis of mechanisms, chemical messengers, and assay interference.

Main Results:

  • Definition of Type 1 RIRE: reduced detrimental effects in targeted cells via bystander signals.
  • Definition of Type 2 RIRE: exacerbated detrimental effects in targeted cells via bystander signals.
  • Review of signaling pathways and chemical mediators involved in RIRE.

Conclusions:

  • RIRE is a complex phenomenon with dual effects on irradiated cells.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate RIRE mechanisms and its role in radiation response.
  • RIRE impacts the validity and interpretation of standard radiobiological assays.