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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.6K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.0K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

54.9K
Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Predictive Immune Modeling of Solid Tumors
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Pulmonary Metastasectomy in Pediatric Solid Tumors.

Nicole J Croteau1, Todd E Heaton2

  • 1Pediatric Surgical Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. croteaun@mskcc.org.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Metastatic disease in pediatric solid tumors often leads to mortality. Pulmonary metastasectomy is a key surgical option for tumors refractory to other treatments, especially in osteosarcoma.

Keywords:
management of lung metastasespediatric lung metastasespediatric solid tumorspulmonary metastasectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Cancer Metastasis

Background:

  • Metastatic disease is a leading cause of mortality in pediatric solid tumors.
  • Approximately 45% of children with solid tumors either present with or develop metastases.
  • The lungs are the most frequent site for these metastases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize indications for pulmonary metastasectomy in pediatric solid tumors.
  • To discuss surgical techniques for metastasectomy in osteosarcoma.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on pediatric solid tumor metastasis.
  • Analysis of surgical indications based on tumor histology and treatment response.
  • Discussion of controversies in osteosarcoma metastasectomy techniques.

Main Results:

  • Pulmonary metastasectomy is generally indicated for tumors refractory to adjuvant therapies.
  • Surgical role is highly dependent on primary tumor histology.
  • Specific techniques for osteosarcoma metastasectomy are under debate.

Conclusions:

  • Pulmonary metastasectomy is a critical intervention for pediatric solid tumors with lung metastases.
  • Histology and refractoriness to therapy guide surgical decisions.
  • Further research and consensus are needed for optimal osteosarcoma metastasectomy.