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Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

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Clodronate-Loaded Liposome Treatment Has Site-Specific Skeletal Effects.

M N Michalski1, L E Zweifler1, B P Sinder1

  • 11 Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

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|January 11, 2019
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Summary

Depleting macrophages and osteoclasts using clodronate improved bone fill in mouse extraction sockets. However, this effect showed specific timing and location, differing from long bone healing.

Keywords:
bone biologycell biologyimmunitymacrophagesosteoclast(s)wound healing

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Area of Science:

  • Oral biology
  • Immunology
  • Bone biology

Background:

  • Ineffective oral wound healing impacts patient quality of life.
  • Osteal macrophages regulate bone turnover, but their role in oral healing is unclear.
  • Understanding cellular mechanisms is key to improving compromised healing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of macrophages and osteoclasts in oral osseous wound healing.
  • To assess the impact of macrophage depletion on bone fill in extraction sockets.
  • To compare healing in oral sites versus long bones.

Main Methods:

  • Used clodronate-loaded liposomes to deplete macrophages and osteoclasts in C57BL/6J mice.
  • Assessed oral osseous bone fill after tooth extraction.
  • Analyzed non-wounded tibiae and maxillary interseptal bone for comparison.

Main Results:

  • Clodronate treatment increased bone fill in extraction sockets and tibiae.
  • Macrophage and osteoclast depletion affected skeletal sites differently.
  • Oral bone healing response was less pronounced than in non-wounded long bones.

Conclusions:

  • Macrophage and osteoclast roles in bone turnover and healing exhibit temporal and spatial specificity.
  • Targeting macrophages and osteoclasts may offer therapeutic potential for oral wound healing.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate precise mechanisms in oral bone regeneration.