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Use of Three-Dimensional Imaging Reconstruction Software as a Training Tool for Cranial Vena Cava Venipuncture in the Ferret
Published on: July 15, 2025
Three-dimensional endoscopy: The future of nasoendoscopic training
Robert Bickerton1, Abdul-Karim Nassimizadeh2, Shahzada Ahmed2
1Department of Anatomy, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Objectives/Hypothesis:
Three-dimensional (3D) endoscopy is an emerging tool in surgery that provides real-time depth perception. Its benefits have been investigated in surgical training, but the current literature lacks significant objective outcome data. We aimed to objectively compare the efficacy of two-dimensional (2D) versus 3D high-definition endoscopes in novice users.
Study Design:
Prospective, randomized crossover study.
Methods:
Ninety-two novice medical students who used both 2D and 3D endoscopes to complete two validated tasks in a box trainer participated in the study. Time taken and error rates were measured, and subjective data were collected.
Results:
Wilcoxon tests showed 3D technology was significantly faster than 2D (78 vs. 95 seconds, P = .004), and errors per task were significantly lower (3 vs. 5, P < .001). Sixty-nine percent of participants preferred the 3D endoscope.
Conclusions:
3D high-definition endoscopy could be instrumental in training the next generation of endoscopic surgeons. Further research is required in a clinical setting.
Level Of Evidence:
2b Laryngoscope, 129:1280-1285, 2019.
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