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The population standard deviation is rarely known in many day-to-day examples of statistics. When the sample sizes are large, it is easy to estimate the population standard deviation using a confidence interval, which provides results close enough to the original value. However, statisticians ran into problems when the sample size was small. A small sample size caused inaccuracies in the confidence interval.
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Examining ways to meaningfully support students in STEM.

Lisa Martin-Hansen1

  • 1Science Education, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University, Long Beach, USA.

International Journal of STEM Education
|January 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

A strong science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) identity positively influences future STEM career choices. This commentary explores factors affecting STEM identity development in educational settings.

Area of Science:

  • STEM Education Research
  • Social Psychology of Science

Background:

  • A strong science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) identity is crucial for future career choices in STEM fields.
  • Understanding the factors influencing STEM identity is essential for effective educational strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore major concepts related to STEM identity across four research studies.
  • To examine STEM identity as a distinct construct and its formation.
  • To discuss internal and external factors influencing STEM identity development.

Main Methods:

  • Commentary synthesizing findings from four distinct research studies.
  • Conceptual analysis of STEM identity as a construct.
  • Discussion of influencing factors based on existing literature.

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Main Results:

  • STEM identity is a significant predictor of STEM career pathways.
  • Various experiences can positively or negatively impact STEM identity formation and continuation.
  • Both external and internal factors play a role in developing STEM identity.

Conclusions:

  • Educational settings can actively facilitate and develop students' STEM identity.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the nuances of STEM identity development.
  • Strategies should address both individual and environmental influences on STEM identity.