High ²²²Rn concentrations and dynamics in Shawan Cave, southwest China

Cave ²²²Rn has been a major health issue and subject of scientific debate for decades. While the basics of natural ventilation physics are well understood, it is difficult to make blind predictions of ²²²Rn concentrations in a given cave due to the complexity of cave systems. In-situ continuous observation is necessary to improve our ability to quantify radiation dose exposure and reduce radiation hazard to cave users, and trace the air exchange patterns occurring in caves. In this study, continuous monitoring using a RAD7 radon detector revealed high ²²²Rn concentrations and large fluctuations in ²²²Rn concentration in a small karst cave in southwest China, Shawan Cave. From August 2016 to July 2017, the average annual concentration was 47,419 Bqm^-3 and ranged between 3720 and 123,000 Bqm^-3, with lower values during summer than other seasons. Taking Shawan Cave as a case study, we suggest a framework to evaluate the potential dose exposure, allowing cave users to minimize risk of exposure to hazardous levels of ²²²Rn. Furthermore, we comparing results from this study with other studies in 35 caves worldwide, and conclude that there are three patterns of seasonal ²²²Rn variation. They were classified into five types of ventilation mode based on diversity of cave locations, geometry and connectivity of bed rock fracture networks, together with temperature differences between outside atmosphere and cave air.