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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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What is Natural Selection?01:32

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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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What is a Frequency Distribution00:51

What is a Frequency Distribution

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A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included in the sample. It is commonly used to group data of quantitative types. Frequency distributions can be displayed in a table, histogram, line graph, dot plot, or pie chart, just to name a few. A histogram is a graphical representation of tabulated frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to...
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Mean From a Frequency Distribution01:11

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Sometimes, data gathered from an experiment on a large sample or population are organized into concise tables. In such cases, the frequency of the quantitative data set is plotted in the form of a table. Or else, the data values are grouped into the quantity’s intervals, which form classes, and their respective frequencies are known. That is, the data values are distributed over different categories or classes. This is known as frequency distribution.
When such a data set is encountered,...
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Multi-input and Multi-variable systems01:22

Multi-input and Multi-variable systems

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Cruise control systems in cars are designed as multi-input systems to maintain a driver's desired speed while compensating for external disturbances such as changes in terrain. The block diagram for a cruise control system typically includes two main inputs: the desired speed set by the driver and any external disturbances, such as the incline of the road. By adjusting the engine throttle, the system maintains the vehicle's speed as close to the desired value as possible.
In the absence of...
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Multi-spectral frequency selective mid-infrared microbolometers.

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    Area of Science:

    • Plasmonics
    • Metamaterials
    • Photonics

    Background:

    • Detecting low-energy photons with frequency selectivity is challenging with natural materials.
    • Existing systems face limitations in low-temperature operation and background thermal noise suppression.
    • A hypothetical light funnel with low thermal mass is ideal for enhanced photon collection.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a novel plasmonic crystal for efficient, frequency-selective low-energy photon detection.
    • To demonstrate a
    • To enable room-temperature frequency-selective low-energy photon detection.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a cavity-coupled quasi-three dimensional plasmonic crystal.
    • Utilizing impedance matching for extraordinary transmission and light funneling.
    • Employing a super-lattice based electronic biasing circuit for signal conversion.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved frequency-selective perfect (~100%) absorption and zero back reflection.
    • Demonstrated wide-angle light funneling, validated by experimental measurements.
    • Converted absorbed photon energy to a high signal-to-noise ratio voltage output.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed plasmonic crystal functions as an effective light funnel for low-energy photons.
    • The system exhibits robust performance across various incidence angles.
    • This artificial plasmonic surface technology paves the way for advanced room-temperature photon detection.