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    All-optical poling of silicon nitride waveguides enables efficient second-order nonlinear optical processes. This method enhances interband wavelength conversion via sum-frequency generation over intraband conversion.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and optical engineering
    • Materials science
    • Nonlinear optics

    Background:

    • Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is a key material for integrated photonics, enabling third-order nonlinear optical processes.
    • The amorphous nature of silicon nitride limits its second-order nonlinear optical response.
    • All-optical poling (AOP) has recently shown promise for enhancing second-harmonic generation in Si3N4 waveguides.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of AOP on second-order nonlinear optical processes in Si3N4 waveguides.
    • To compare interband and intraband wavelength conversion efficiencies after AOP.
    • To confirm the establishment of phase-matching conditions for sum-frequency generation (SFG) post-AOP.

    Main Methods:

    • All-optical poling (AOP) was applied to silicon nitride waveguides.
    • Telecom-band signal wavelength conversion efficiency was measured under varying pump powers (up to 2 W).
    • Sum-frequency generation (SFG) and four-wave mixing (FWM) efficiencies were compared.
    • SFG conversion bandwidth and efficiency were measured across different pump wavelengths to confirm phase matching.

    Main Results:

    • AOP treatment of Si3N4 waveguides resulted in enhanced interband wavelength conversion efficiency via SFG.
    • Interband SFG conversion efficiency exceeded intraband conversion efficiency (based on FWM).
    • The presence of a phase-matching condition for SFG was experimentally confirmed post-AOP.

    Conclusions:

    • All-optical poling effectively induces a second-order nonlinear response in amorphous silicon nitride.
    • AOP enables efficient interband wavelength conversion in Si3N4 waveguides, surpassing intraband conversion.
    • The study confirms the feasibility of achieving phase-matched second-order nonlinear optical processes in poled Si3N4.