Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection
Published on: February 1, 2022
Spray-On Liquid-Metal Electrodes for Graphene Field-Effect Transistors
Jordan L Melcher1, Kareem S Elassy2, Richard C Ordonez3
1Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. melcherj@hawaii.edu.
Abstract:
Advancements in flexible circuit interconnects are critical for widespread adoption of flexible electronics. Non-toxic liquid-metals offer a viable solution for flexible electrodes due to deformability and low bulk resistivity. However, fabrication processes utilizing liquid-metals suffer from high complexity, low throughput, and significant production cost. Our team utilized an inexpensive spray-on stencil technique to deposit liquid-metal Galinstan electrodes in top-gated graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs). The electrode stencils were patterned using an automated vinyl cutter and positioned directly onto chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene transferred to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. Our spray-on method exhibited a throughput of 28 transistors in under five minutes on the same graphene sample, with a 96% yield for all devices down to a channel length of 50 μm. The fabricated transistors possess hole and electron mobilities of 663.5 cm²/(V·s) and 689.9 cm²/(V·s), respectively, and support a simple and effective method of developing high-yield flexible electronics.
Related Concept Videos
Field Effect Transistor
Standard Electrode Potentials
Bipolar Junction Transistor
Bonding in Metals
Metallic Solids
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
Alkali Metals
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

