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Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
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Coronary Artery Disease V: Interprofessional Care01:27

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Interprofessional care for coronary artery disease includes pharmacological therapy and revascularization procedures.Pharmacological therapy for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) aims to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and improve patient outcomes through various classes of medications:Antiplatelet Agents:Aspirin and Clopidogrel: These medications inhibit platelet aggregation, preventing blood clots, which is crucial for avoiding heart attacks and strokes. Doctors often prescribe these...
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a primary health risk worldwide, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. The condition arises from the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques within the coronary arteries, resulting in diminished blood supply to the heart muscle.The clinical manifestations of CAD vary widely, from asymptomatic stages to severe, life-threatening conditions. Understanding these manifestations is crucial for early diagnosis and effective management.Angina Pectoris: The Warning...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Surgical Swine Model of Chronic Cardiac Ischemia Treated by Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
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Conversion during off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A case-control study.

Murali Chakravarthy1, Dattatreya Prabhakumar1, T A Patil1

  • 1Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Relief, Fortis Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia
|January 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Conversion during off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery significantly increases mortality risk. Female gender, elevated left ventricular end diastolic pressure, and intra-aortic balloon use are key predictors of adverse outcomes in these patients.

Keywords:
Conversionintra-aortic balloon pumpmortalityoff-pump coronary artery bypass surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Cardiac Surgery Outcomes
  • Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery

Background:

  • Off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery is an alternative to conventional cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) grafting.
  • Conversion to CPB during OPCAB may be necessary due to acute cardiac decompensation.
  • This conversion is associated with a significant increase in mortality risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify markers of adverse outcomes during conversion from OPCAB to CPB in Indian patients.
  • To evaluate the risk factors associated with conversion during OPCAB surgery.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective case-control study was conducted at a tertiary referral center.
  • Three thousand two hundred OPCAB surgeries were analyzed (2013-2016).
  • Ninety patients requiring conversion (Conversion group) were compared to twice the number of controls who did not require conversion.

Main Results:

  • Mortality was significantly higher in the conversion group (5.56%) compared to controls (0.06%, P = 0.01).
  • Conversion was associated with 9.47 times the odds for mortality.
  • Higher left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, endarterectomy, intra-aortic balloon pump use, and female gender were predictive of conversion and adverse outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Conversion during OPCAB surgery is linked to substantially increased mortality.
  • Female gender, elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and preoperative intra-aortic balloon use are critical risk markers for mortality in converted patients.