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Related Concept Videos

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction01:11

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction

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High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), formerly referred to as High-pressure liquid chromatography, is a powerful technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in complex mixtures. The term "high pressure" refers to using high pressure to push the liquid mobile phase through the tightly packed columns.
In HPLC, two phases play a critical role in the separation process:
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Instrumentation00:57

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Instrumentation

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High-performance liquid chromatography, or HPLC, is an analytical technique that separates liquid samples under high pressures. An HPLC instrument consists of glass bottles for storing solvents called mobile phase reservoirs. HPLC-grade solvents are used to maintain high purity, and the dissolved gases are removed using a degasser, such as a vacuum pumping system or sparging with helium. The solvents are then pumped into the analytical column using a screw-driven syringe or reciprocating pumps.
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Elution Process01:05

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In High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), the elution process is critical to the separation of analytes and the quality of chromatographic results. Elution describes how compounds move through the column and separate based on their interactions with the mobile and stationary phases. This process determines the resolution, peak shape, and retention times in the chromatogram, which are essential for identifying and quantifying components in complex mixtures. Understanding the elution...
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Types of Detectors01:15

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Types of Detectors

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The role of the detectors in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is to analyze the solutes as they exit from the chromatographic column. The detector recognizes the solute's property and generates corresponding electrical signals, which are converted into a readable graph of the detector's response versus elution time called a chromatogram at the computer. There are several types of HPLC detectors, each with its own advantages and limitations, depending on the analyte...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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High-performance switchable grating based on pre-transitional effect of antiferroelectric liquid crystals.

Zhengyu Feng, Ken Ishikawa

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    |January 18, 2019
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    Summary

    Researchers developed a novel optical phase grating using antiferroelectric liquid crystals (AFLC). This AFLC grating achieves high diffraction efficiency under low electric fields, showing promise for future electro-optical devices.

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    High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Optoelectronics
    • Physics

    Background:

    • Antiferroelectric liquid crystals (AFLC) exhibit unique properties exploitable in optical devices.
    • The pre-transitional effect in AFLC, involving molecular deformation and induced biaxiality, is key to optical modulation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a prototype optical phase grating based on homeotropic aligned AFLC.
    • To investigate the feasibility of using the AFLC pre-transitional effect for switchable phase gratings.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a 40μm thick cell filled with (S)-MHPOBC AFLC material.
    • Application of an in-plane electric field via comb-like electrodes to induce molecular deformation.
    • Measurement of diffraction efficiency and switching times for 532nm TM polarized light.

    Main Results:

    • A switchable phase grating was successfully constructed using the AFLC pre-transitional effect.
    • Maximum diffraction efficiency of 37.0% for ±1st order diffraction was achieved at 1.8V/μm electric field.
    • Fast switching times with rise and decay of 510μs and 210μs were recorded.

    Conclusions:

    • The demonstrated AFLC-based optical phase grating exhibits high performance.
    • The high diffraction efficiency under low electric fields indicates significant potential for electro-optical applications.