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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Scatter Plot01:15

Scatter Plot

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The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of a relationship between the variables. A clear direction happens when there is either:
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
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Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

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A new diffractometer for diffuse scattering studies on the ID28 beamline at the ESRF.

A Girard1, T Nguyen-Thanh2, S M Souliou2

  • 1Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
|January 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new X-ray diffractometer at ESRF

Keywords:
X-ray diffuse scatteringdiffractiondisorderinelastic X-ray scatteringphonons

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) offers advanced X-ray scattering capabilities.
  • Beamline ID28 previously housed a high-resolution inelastic X-ray scattering spectrometer.
  • A need existed for a complementary diffraction instrument for rapid reciprocal space surveying.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and characterize a new diffractometer as a side station to the ID28 beamline.
  • To highlight its capabilities for both preliminary diffuse scattering surveys and independent structural studies.
  • To demonstrate its state-of-the-art performance for materials research.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of a fast, low-noise hybrid pixel detector with variable diffraction geometry.
  • Utilizing a 50 µm × 50 µm focused beam spot achieved with Be lenses and a KB mirror.
  • Employing wavelengths from 0.5 to 0.8 Å and compatibility with diverse sample environments.

Main Results:

  • The diffractometer enables rapid reciprocal space surveys and diffuse scattering analysis.
  • It functions as a fully independent station for powder and single-crystal diffraction.
  • Data analysis confirms its state-of-the-art performance for structural investigations.

Conclusions:

  • The new ID28 side station diffractometer is a versatile and powerful tool for the user community.
  • It enhances the capabilities for materials characterization at ESRF.
  • The instrument facilitates efficient structural studies and preliminary diffuse scattering experiments.