[Ciliopaties - diseases caused by abnormal cilia functioning]

Ciliopathies are a group of genetic diseases caused by defects in the function of cilia, that are cellular processes composed of a microtubule-based core. Ciliopathies present with pathological changes in one or many organs at the same time. Symptoms of ciliopathies depend on the type of damaged tissues and organs. The most common are polycystic kidney and liver, blindness, dysfunction of neural tube, brain anomalies, mental retardation, abnormalities in skeletal system from polydactyly to abnormal short ribs and limbs, abnormalities in ectoderms, obesity, situs inversus, infertility and infections of the upper airways. Both basic and clinical studies provide data regarding novel ciliary proteins the lack or mutation of which are associated with cilia dysfunction and which, in consequence, may give rise to ciliopathies. The number of ciliopathies (35 known at present) is still increasing due to identification of additional genes (187 identified up to now) directly connected with these diseases. In this work, the most important mechanisms responsible for abnormal cilia formation and functioning, that constitute the primary cause of ciliopathies, are presented.