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Notch Signaling Pathway

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The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
The Notch gene came into the limelight in 1914 after the discovery that its mutation in Drosophila melanogaster leads to a serrated (or "notched") wing margin phenotype. It was not...
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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
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Wnt is a zygotic effect gene that is expressed during very early embryonic development. It regulates various processes in animals starting from early development through the adult stage, such as organogenesis in the embryo and maintenance of neuronal and blood stem cells. Wnt proteins can induce a wide variety of intracellular pathways depending upon the specific abilities of different Wnt ligands to form a complex with shared and cognate receptors in the presence of different co-receptors. The...
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The gene encoding the main signaling molecules of the Wnt signaling pathways (the Wnt proteins) was discovered almost four decades ago by Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus. They identified and originally named the gene "wingless" (wg) after a phenotype discovered during their landmark genetic screen in Drosophila for body pattern defects. At around the same time, another researcher named Harold Varmus found that a murine tumor virus activates the mammalian wg homolog, Int-1, which...
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The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Murine Model of Epicutaneously-Induced Immunomodulation
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Integrated Signaling Pathways Mediate Bordetella Immunomodulation, Persistence, and Transmission.

M C Gestal1, L T Whitesides1, E T Harvill1

  • 1Deaprtment of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia. 501 DW Brooks Drive, 30602, Athens, Georgia, USA.

Trends in Microbiology
|January 22, 2019
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This study reveals complex communication between Bordetella bacteria and mice during infection. Understanding these bacterial signaling pathways offers insights into host-pathogen interactions and immune evasion strategies.

Keywords:
Bordetella spp.immune responseimmunomodulatorspathogenesissignaling

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Bacterial Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Mammalian immune systems possess antimicrobial defenses.
  • Pathogens evolve strategies to evade immune responses.
  • Interkingdom signaling between bacteria and hosts during infection is poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate bacterial communication and regulatory mechanisms during natural host infection.
  • To understand how Bordetella spp. interact with the host immune system.
  • To establish a model system for studying host-pathogen signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an efficient natural host infection system.
  • Studied communication between Bordetella spp. and mice.
  • Identified novel bacterial regulatory mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Revealed complex communication between Bordetella spp. and mice.
  • Identified novel regulatory mechanisms in Bordetella.
  • Demonstrated Bordetella's response to microenvironment and inflammatory cues.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial signaling pathways are crucial for precisely timed expression of immunomodulatory factors.
  • This research provides a paradigm for studying other pathogens lacking robust experimental systems.
  • Understanding interkingdom signaling advances knowledge of host-pathogen dynamics.