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Contaminants and Errors

Contaminants and Errors

Effective sample preparation is crucial for accurate and reliable laboratory analysis. During this process, two significant sources of error can arise: concentration bias from improper sample splitting and contamination caused by methods used to reduce particle size, such as grinding or homogenization. Identifying and minimizing these potential errors is crucial to ensuring the validity of the analysis.
Another key consideration is determining the appropriate number of samples required to...

Acid Strength and Molecular Structure

Acid Strength and Molecular Structure

Binary Acids and Bases
In the absence of any leveling effect, the acid strength of binary compounds of hydrogen with nonmetals (A) increases as the H-A bond strength decreases down a group in the periodic table. For group 17, the order of increasing acidity is HF < HCl < HBr < HI. Likewise, for group 16, the order of increasing acid strength is H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te. Across a row in the periodic table, the acid strength of binary hydrogen compounds increases with increasing...

Strength of Cement

Strength of Cement

Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in...

Relation Between Tensile Strength and Compressive Strength of Concrete

Relation Between Tensile Strength and Compressive Strength of Concrete

Concrete is a fundamental building material, and understanding its strengths is crucial for construction projects. The relationship between its tensile and compressive strengths is intricate, showing that while these strengths are related, they do not increase at the same rate. Tensile strength's growth is slower and is affected by various factors such as the methods used for testing, the size and shape of the specimen, the texture of the aggregate used, and the moisture content of the...

The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength

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The equilibrium binding constant (Kb) quantifies the strength of a protein-ligand interaction. Kb can be calculated as follows when the reaction is at equilibrium:

Strength and Heat of Hydration

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The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...

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Adapted Resistance Training Improves Strength in Eight Weeks in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

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Amalgam Strength Resistance to Various Contaminants.

C Roggenkamp, B Choi, J Chung

Operative Dentistry

|January 24, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Dental amalgam strength is reduced by saliva, blood, and lubricant oil contamination. Water has no significant effect on amalgam strength, which may remain clinically functional after contamination.

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Area of Science:

Dental Materials Science
Biomaterials Engineering
Restorative Dentistry

Background:

Dental amalgam remains a widely used direct restorative material.
Understanding the impact of intraoral contaminants on amalgam strength is crucial for clinical longevity.
Previous studies have not comprehensively evaluated the effects of various contaminants on both 1-day and 30-day amalgam strength.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify the relative strength tolerance of 1-day and 30-day dental amalgam.
To assess the impact of saturation contamination with water, saliva, blood, and handpiece lubricant oil during condensation on amalgam strength.

Main Methods:

Valiant PhD XT amalgam specimens were prepared and divided into 1-day and 30-day groups.
Specimens underwent contamination with water, saliva, blood, or lubricant oil during condensation.
Shear and compressive strength tests were performed using an Instron universal testing machine.

Main Results:

Compressive strength was significantly reduced by saliva, blood, and lubricant oil (p<0.05).
Water contamination showed no statistically significant effect on compressive strength (p>0.05).
Shear strength was significantly altered by water, blood, and lubricant oil contamination after 30 days (p<0.05).

Conclusions:

Saliva, blood, and handpiece lubricant oil significantly diminish the compressive strength of dental amalgam.
Water contamination does not significantly affect amalgam compressive strength.
Despite strength reduction, remaining amalgam strength may be clinically functional compared to resin-based materials.