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Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not...
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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Fluid-cell Raman Spectroscopy for operando Studies of Reaction and Transport Phenomena during Silicate Glass Corrosion
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Transport Phenomena in Gel.

Masayuki Tokita1

  • 1Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan. tokita@phys.kyushu-u.ac.jp.

Gels (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Gels, dilute solids with unique polymer networks, exhibit distinct transport properties. Studying small molecule diffusion and fluid flow reveals crucial structure-property relationships in these soft materials.

Area of Science:

  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Gels are crucial soft materials found in diverse chemical and biological systems.
  • Their properties stem from a 3D polymer network swollen with solvent, exhibiting solid-like elasticity despite low polymer concentration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the transport processes within gels, focusing on small molecule diffusion and gel fluid flow.
  • To explore the relationship between gel network structure and its impact on transport properties.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diffusion mechanisms for small molecules through the polymer network.
  • Analysis of gel fluid flow under mechanical pressure gradients.
  • Examination of how polymer network structure influences transport resistance.
Keywords:
colloid geldiffusionfrictionscaling theory

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Main Results:

  • Small molecules diffuse through the gel's polymer network, facing viscous and network-related resistance.
  • Gel fluid flow is influenced by both viscous resistance and the polymer network structure.
  • Transport phenomena are strongly dependent on the specific architecture of the gel's polymer network.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding transport processes in gels is key to elucidating their structure-property correlations.
  • Detailed studies on diffusion and flow offer insights into the fundamental behavior of gels as soft materials.