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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography
Published on: January 25, 2019
Effect of Surface Cleaning Regimen on Glass Ceramic Bond Strength
Barbara Lapinska1, Jacek Rogowski2, Joanna Nowak3
1Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska St., 92-213 Lodz, Poland. barbara.lapinska@umed.lodz.pl.
Abstract:
This study investigated the effect of saliva contamination on chemical changes of ceramic surface as well as the influence of saliva cleaning methods on ceramic-resin bond strength. Saliva was used to contaminate leucite (LGC) and lithium disilicate (LDGC) glass ceramic surfaces. The following cleaning methods were tested: water spray, cleaning with orthophosphoric acid, universal cleaning paste, ultrasonic cleaning with water, re-etching with hydrofluoric acid. Non-contaminated ceramic sample served as control. Chemical analysis of ceramic surfaces was performed using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Shear bond strength (SBS) of ceramics to resin material was tested after 24-hour water storage and after thermocycling. The most effective cleaning method of saliva-contaminated ceramic surface was cleaning LGC surface with orthophosphoric acid or re-etching the LDGC surface with hydrofluoric acid. The application of the following methods resulted in obtaining reliable bond strength.
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