Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cholinesterases: Distribution and Function01:22

Cholinesterases: Distribution and Function

1.0K
Cholinesterases are a group of serine hydrolase enzymes that play a crucial role in the breakdown of choline esters. The two primary types of cholinesterases are acetylcholinesterases (AChEs) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChEs), which differ in their distribution, function, and substrate specificity. AChEs, also known as true cholinesterases, specifically hydrolyze acetylcholine, while BuChEs, often referred to as pseudocholinesterases, can hydrolyze various choline esters, including...
1.0K
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

9.9K
In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
9.9K
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

3.6K
3.6K
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

52.3K
Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
52.3K
Non-Verbal Cues01:29

Non-Verbal Cues

326
Non-verbal communication extends beyond gestures and facial expressions to include vocal elements known as paralanguage. Paralanguage consists of non-verbal vocal cues such as pitch, loudness, speech rate, pauses, and non-verbal vocalizations like laughter, sighs, and moans. These elements not only accompany speech but also provide critical emotional and contextual information.The Role of Paralanguage in CommunicationParalanguage adds depth to spoken language by conveying emotions and...
326
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

28.0K
RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
28.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Congruency drives "conflict adaptation" independent of conflict: Converging evidence from behavior and computational modeling.

Cognitive psychology·2026
Same author

Positive eFAST-Not so FAST.

Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open·2026
Same author

Sensitivity and Bias in Face-Emotion Labeling: Replication and Extension to Youth With Irritability and Anxiety.

JAACAP open·2026
Same author

Reconstruction of temporal and spatial order information.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same author

An update to the global Critical Habitat screening layer.

Scientific data·2025
Same author

Interannual wave-driven shoreline change on the California coast.

Nature communications·2025
Same journal

Limited protective effects of multilingualism against age-related cognitive decline.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Validation of illustrated texts: Can pictures raise awareness of inconsistencies?

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

4I remember (and forget) your happy smiling face: Directed forgetting of emotionally expressive faces of in-group and out-group members.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Identity in the spotlight: Matching faces without overlapping features.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Test delay and change awareness moderate retroactive and proactive memory effects.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

The Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) illusion in short-term memory: Opposite effects of retention interval on true and false recognition.

Memory & cognition·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Spatial Multiobjective Optimization of Agricultural Conservation Practices using a SWAT Model and an Evolutionary Algorithm
11:53

Spatial Multiobjective Optimization of Agricultural Conservation Practices using a SWAT Model and an Evolutionary Algorithm

Published on: December 9, 2012

13.5K

Verbal and spatial acquisition as a function of distributed practice and code-specific interference.

Adam P Young1, Alice F Healy2, Matt Jones1

  • 1University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.

Memory & Cognition
|January 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spacing effects on learning depend on task interference. Massed practice aids acquisition with code-specific interference, while spaced practice benefits when such interference is absent, challenging current memory theories.

Keywords:
AcquisitionInterferenceInterleavingMemorySpacing effect

More Related Videos

Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation
20:12

Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation

Published on: October 8, 2011

31.1K
Evaluation of the Spatial Distribution of γH2AX following Ionizing Radiation
09:28

Evaluation of the Spatial Distribution of γH2AX following Ionizing Radiation

Published on: August 7, 2010

13.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Spatial Multiobjective Optimization of Agricultural Conservation Practices using a SWAT Model and an Evolutionary Algorithm
11:53

Spatial Multiobjective Optimization of Agricultural Conservation Practices using a SWAT Model and an Evolutionary Algorithm

Published on: December 9, 2012

13.5K
Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation
20:12

Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation

Published on: October 8, 2011

31.1K
Evaluation of the Spatial Distribution of γH2AX following Ionizing Radiation
09:28

Evaluation of the Spatial Distribution of γH2AX following Ionizing Radiation

Published on: August 7, 2010

13.2K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Learning Sciences

Background:

  • Memory theories must explain both learning (acquisition) and recall (retention).
  • Spacing (alternating tasks) vs. massed (no delay) practice affects learning outcomes.
  • Current theories struggle to explain acquisition effects of spacing, predicting massed advantages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how spacing affects memory acquisition.
  • Examine the role of code-specific interference in spacing effects.
  • Challenge existing memory models by analyzing acquisition performance.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted three experiments manipulating spacing and task interference.
  • Assessed memory performance during the acquisition phase.
  • Analyzed the relationship between primary and delay tasks based on processing codes.

Main Results:

  • Massed acquisition advantages emerged only with code-specific interference.
  • Spaced acquisition advantages appeared exclusively when code-specific interference was absent.
  • The nature of interference between alternating tasks significantly impacted acquisition.

Conclusions:

  • Spacing effects on acquisition are contingent on the type of interference present.
  • Code-specific interference is a critical factor influencing spacing and interleaving effects.
  • Findings necessitate revisions to major theories of memory and learning.