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Related Concept Videos

Electrical Current01:10

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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups01:09

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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...
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Ampère's law, in its usual form, does not work in places where the current changes with time and is not steady. Thus, Maxwell suggested including an additional contribution, called the displacement current, Id, to the real conduction current I.
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Electric charge is the most fundamental quantity in an electric circuit. The effects of electric charge are encountered daily, such as when a wool sweater sticks to the human body or when a person receives a shock while walking on a carpet.
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Related Experiment Video

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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Online Gamers
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Deep brain stimulation: current challenges and future directions.

Andres M Lozano1, Nir Lipsman2, Hagai Bergman3

  • 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. lozano@uhnresearch.ca.

Nature Reviews. Neurology
|January 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a key neuroscientific advance, measuring and modulating brain activity for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Future research will refine DBS targeting and applications for challenging brain conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Neuroscience
  • Neurosurgery
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Deep brain stimulation (DBS) represents a significant advancement in clinical neurosciences.
  • It functions as a surgical tool to measure brain activity and provide therapeutic stimulation.
  • DBS targets neurological and psychiatric disorders linked to dysfunctional brain circuitry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of DBS in understanding brain circuit dysfunction.
  • To outline current challenges and future directions in DBS research.
  • To define the future therapeutic potential of DBS for brain disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on deep brain stimulation.
  • Analysis of DBS's contribution to understanding circuit malfunction.
  • Identification of unmet challenges and future research avenues in DBS.

Main Results:

  • DBS has enhanced the understanding of how circuit malfunctions cause brain disorders.
  • It offers new methods to interrogate and regulate malfunctioning brain circuits.
  • Crucial questions regarding optimal targeting and patient selection persist.

Conclusions:

  • DBS has revolutionized the study and treatment of brain disorders.
  • Further research is needed to optimize DBS targeting and patient selection.
  • Defining future steps in DBS science is crucial for developing novel therapeutics for challenging brain conditions.