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Related Concept Videos

Real Number System01:27

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The real number system includes all numbers used for counting, measuring, and comparing quantities. Natural numbers are the basic counting numbers: 1, 2, 3, and so on. Integers expand this set by including zero and negative whole numbers: ..., –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, .... Rational numbers are those that can be expressed as the ratio of two integers m/n, where n≠0. This includes fractions like 1/2​, integers such as 46, and decimals that terminate, such as 0.17, or...
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The concept of real numbers includes all the values that can be represented on a continuous number line. The system began with basic counting values used for enumeration. It later expanded to include values that represent the absence of quantity and opposites of the counting values. When situations required expressing parts of a whole or dividing quantities evenly, values capable of representing such proportions were developed. When written using decimal notation, these values can end or repeat...
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The Evidence for Evolution02:55

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Polynomials are algebraic expressions of terms with variables raised to non-negative integer powers. A central aspect of analyzing polynomial functions is determining their real zeros—values of the variable for which the polynomial evaluates to zero. These values represent the x-intercepts of the polynomial’s graph.The Rational Zeros Theorem lists possible rational solutions for a polynomial equation with integer coefficients. If f(x)=anxn+....+a0​, then every rational zero is...
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Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers01:30

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The unit circle—a circle with a radius of one, centered at the origin of the coordinate plane—serves as the foundational framework for defining trigonometric functions. In this context, arc length refers to the distance measured along the circumference of the circle between two points, and it provides a way to represent real numbers geometrically. Each real number t corresponds to an arc length measured counterclockwise from the positive x-axis around the circle. The coordinates of...
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Thus far, the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, has been applied to a variety of different types of problems, ranging from reaction stoichiometry and empirical and molecular formula problems to determining the density and molar mass of a gas. However, the behavior of a gas is often non-ideal, meaning that the observed relationships between its pressure, volume, and temperature are not accurately described by the gas laws.
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Related Experiment Video

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A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
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Proceed with Caution When Using Real World Data and Real World Evidence.

Hun-Sung Kim1,2, Ju Han Kim3

  • 1Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.

Journal of Korean Medical Science
|January 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Real-world evidence (RWE) offers unique insights beyond clinical trials but faces challenges. Addressing data quality and study design is crucial for reliable RWE research and its increasing application.

Keywords:
Clinical ResearchCohort StudyElectronic Medical RecordRandomized Control TrialReal World DataReal World Evidence

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Area of Science:

  • Health Services Research
  • Clinical Informatics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Real-world evidence (RWE) is increasingly utilized in clinical studies to supplement randomized controlled trial (RCT) data.
  • Electronic medical record (EMR)-based RWE studies face significant challenges, including potential biases and difficulties in achieving high-quality results.
  • Despite limitations, the application of RWE in healthcare research is expected to grow.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the hurdles and potential errors encountered in conducting EMR-based RWE studies.
  • To explore solutions for data quality management, study design, and result interpretation in RWE research.
  • To highlight the developmental stage of RWE and the need for continued experience and knowledge accumulation.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of common biases in EMR-based RWE studies.
  • Exploration of strategies for data quality management.
  • Review of critical study design elements including sample size and direct chart review.

Main Results:

  • RWE studies can provide valuable real-world insights not obtainable from RCTs.
  • Potential for overestimated results and difficulties in deriving good quality data are inherent challenges.
  • Specific errors and hurdles in EMR-based RWE studies are identified and discussed.

Conclusions:

  • RWE is a developing field with ongoing challenges in its application and interpretation.
  • Addressing data quality, study design, and potential biases is essential for the reliable use of RWE.
  • Continued experience, effort, and knowledge sharing are vital to advance RWE research and its integration into healthcare.