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Related Concept Videos

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
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Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
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How do climate change experiments alter plot-scale climate?

A K Ettinger1,2, I Chuine3, B I Cook4,5

  • 1Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02131, USA.

Ecology Letters
|January 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Climate change experiments often mask treatment variations. Analyzing warming effects requires accounting for soil drying, which significantly impacts biological responses like plant phenology.

Keywords:
active-warmingbudburstdirect and indirect effectsfeedbackglobal warminghidden treatmentmicroclimatesoil moisturespring phenologystructural controltarget temperaturewarming experiment

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Climate Change Biology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Field experiments manipulating temperature and precipitation are crucial for understanding biological responses to climate change.
  • Complex manifestations of climate manipulations challenge the interpretation of biological responses.
  • Existing analysis methods often mask critical spatial and temporal variations in treatment effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compile and analyze plot-scale climate data from active-warming experiments.
  • To evaluate common analytical practices and their impact on interpreting experimental results.
  • To improve mechanistic understanding and forecasting of species' responses to climate change.

Main Methods:

  • Compiled a database of daily plot-scale climate data from 15 active-warming experiments.
  • Reviewed publications to assess common analytical approaches for climate manipulation experiments.
  • Conducted a case study on plant phenology using data from five experiments.

Main Results:

  • Common analysis of treatments as mean or categorical changes masks significant spatial and temporal variation in treatment effects.
  • Measured warming in plots with the same target warming differed significantly (up to 63% of target on average).
  • Accounting for soil drying alongside warming tripled the estimated sensitivity of plant budburst to temperature.

Conclusions:

  • Standard analysis of climate manipulation experiments can obscure crucial variations, leading to potentially inaccurate biological interpretations.
  • Warming treatments can have indirect effects, such as soil drying, which must be considered for accurate biological forecasting.
  • Recommendations are provided for experimental design, data analysis, and data sharing to enhance the utility of climate change experiments.