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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

37.0K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
37.0K
Solubility Equilibria03:07

Solubility Equilibria

57.1K
Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
The...
57.1K
Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

68.1K
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.1K
Physical Properties Affecting Solubility02:19

Physical Properties Affecting Solubility

26.5K
Solutions of Gases in Liquids
As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute and solvent species. Unlike solid and liquid solutes, however, there is no solute-solute intermolecular attraction to overcome when a gaseous solute dissolves in a liquid solvent since the atoms or molecules comprising a gas are far separated and experience negligible interactions. Consequently, solute-solvent interactions are the sole...
26.5K
Solubility03:00

Solubility

21.1K
Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules,...
21.1K
Chemical and Solubility Equilibria02:21

Chemical and Solubility Equilibria

4.9K
The free energy change associated with dissolving a solute in a liter of solvent is called the free energy of a solution, ΔGsolution. The overall ΔGsolution is expressed as the balance of ΔGinteraction against the always-favorable free-energy of mixing, ΔGmixing. Solution formation is favorable if  ΔGsolution is less than zero, whereas it is unfavorable if ΔGsolution is greater than zero. In short, for a solution to form and complete dissolution to take place,...
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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Drug-induced Sensitization of Adenylyl Cyclase: Assay Streamlining and Miniaturization for Small Molecule and siRNA Screening Applications
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Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulators and Activators.

Peter Sandner1,2, Daniel P Zimmer3, G Todd Milne3

  • 1Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Pharma Research Center, Wuppertal, Germany. peter.sandner@bayer.com.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|January 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators and activators offer novel therapeutic approaches beyond nitric oxide (NO) donors. These compounds show broad potential for cardiovascular diseases and other conditions.

Keywords:
Cyclic guanosine monophosphateNitric oxideSoluble guanylyl cyclasecGMPsGCsGC activatorsGC stimulator

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Drug Development

Background:

  • The 1998 Nobel Prize recognized nitric oxide (NO) discovery, but early NO donors had limitations in sustained cyclic guanylyl monophosphate (cGMP) stimulation and therapeutic window.
  • Current advancements include marketed drugs like riociguat for pulmonary hypertension and numerous soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators and activators in development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the discovery and development of sGC stimulators and activators.
  • To explore their mechanisms of action, chemical structures, and nomenclature.
  • To summarize preclinical and clinical findings for various therapeutic indications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical studies (in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo) on sGC stimulators and activators.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data for various disease treatments.
  • Examination of the pharmacology, chemistry, and historical development of these compounds.

Main Results:

  • sGC stimulators act on heme-containing sGC independently of NO, while sGC activators target heme-free sGC.
  • Both compound classes increase cGMP production, offering a milestone in NO/sGC/cGMP pharmacology.
  • Preclinical and clinical studies indicate broad therapeutic potential in cardiovascular diseases, kidney disease, fibrotic diseases, and hypertension.

Conclusions:

  • sGC stimulators and activators represent a significant advancement in pharmacological principles.
  • These compounds possess a unique mode of action with extensive therapeutic potential beyond current NO-based therapies.
  • Ongoing research and development aim to fully leverage the benefits of these innovative drug classes.