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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Murine Model of Leukemia Relapse to Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Murine Model of Leukemia Relapse to Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Published on: October 17, 2025

Plasma Cell Leukemia: Definition, Presentation, and Treatment.

Michael Tveden Gundesen¹, Thomas Lund¹, Hanne E H Moeller²

¹Department of Hematology, Odense University Hospital, Kloevervaenget 10, 12th floor, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark.

Current Oncology Reports

|January 29, 2019

Summary

Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is distinct from multiple myeloma, with evolving diagnostic criteria. While treatments have improved survival, PCL still carries a poor prognosis, necessitating novel therapeutic approaches.

Keywords:

Cytogenetics Diagnosis Molecular biology Plasma cell leukemia Prognosis Treatment

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Last Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Murine Model of Leukemia Relapse to Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

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Published on: November 21, 2018

Pre-clinical Evaluation of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Acute Leukemia

Pre-clinical Evaluation of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Acute Leukemia

Published on: September 18, 2013

Area of Science:

Hematology
Oncology
Clinical Medicine

Background:

Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a rare and aggressive plasma cell dyscrasia.
It is characterized by the presence of a significant number of clonal plasma cells in the peripheral blood.
Distinguishing PCL from multiple myeloma (MM) is crucial for appropriate management.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current definition and diagnostic criteria of plasma cell leukemia.
To discuss the clinical and genetic distinctions between PCL and multiple myeloma.
To summarize the latest advancements in the treatment of plasma cell leukemia.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on plasma cell leukemia.
Analysis of diagnostic criteria and clinical characteristics.
Evaluation of treatment outcomes for various therapeutic modalities.

Main Results:

PCL is clinically and genetically distinct from multiple myeloma.
Current definitions involve >20% clonal plasma cells or >2×10^9/L circulating clonal plasma cells, though lower levels portend a similar poor prognosis.
Survival has improved with high-dose chemotherapy, stem-cell support, bortezomib, and lenalidomide, but prognosis remains poor; allogeneic transplants have yielded disappointing results.

Conclusions:

The diagnostic criteria for PCL are under active discussion within the international myeloma community.
Despite treatment improvements, PCL prognosis remains adverse.
Novel targeted therapies, including immunotherapies, are anticipated to improve patient outcomes.