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Gain and phase shift are properties of linear circuits that describe the effect a circuit has on a sinusoidal input voltage or current. The circuit's behavior that contains reactive elements will depend on the frequency of the input sinusoid. As a result, it is observed that the gain and phase shift will all be frequency functions.
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Tinnitus: Does Gain Explain?

William Sedley1

  • 1Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.

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|January 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Central gain in the auditory pathway is a common tinnitus model, but evidence linking it directly to tinnitus is limited. Further research is needed to explore other potential mechanisms causing tinnitus.

Keywords:
electroencephalographyfunctional imaginggainneurophysiologypsychophysicstinnitus

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Area of Science:

  • Auditory Neuroscience
  • Tinnitus Research
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Tinnitus models frequently propose increased central gain in the auditory pathway.
  • Central auditory neurons may increase firing rates to compensate for sensory input loss, potentially causing tinnitus.
  • Auditory periphery damage can induce significant gain changes, regardless of tinnitus occurrence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the role of central gain in tinnitus.
  • To review the evidence, methodologies, and limitations in attributing gain changes to tinnitus.
  • To explore alternative mechanisms if central gain is insufficient to explain tinnitus.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of existing literature on central gain and tinnitus.
  • Analysis of studies measuring neural firing rates, synchrony, and neurochemistry.
  • Discussion of methodological challenges, including control groups and animal models.

Main Results:

  • Compelling evidence shows peripheral auditory insults increase neural gain.
  • Direct attribution of these gain changes to tinnitus is often hindered by methodological limitations.
  • Some group-level changes are attributable to tinnitus, but individual classification remains unsuccessful.

Conclusions:

  • While peripheral insults increase neural gain, its direct causal link to tinnitus requires stronger evidence.
  • Alternative mechanisms like attention, sensory prediction, and memory may contribute to tinnitus.
  • Further research with robust controls is necessary to elucidate tinnitus mechanisms.