Selected Clinical Features of Coccidioidomycosis in Dogs

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Mycology
• Canine Infectious Diseases
• Neurology

Background:

• Canine coccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal infection prevalent in arid regions of the Americas.
• It shares similarities with human coccidioidomycosis, including asymptomatic, respiratory, and disseminated forms.
• Dogs exhibit a higher dissemination rate and distinct central nervous system (CNS) manifestations compared to humans.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the diagnosis, treatment, and challenges of canine coccidioidomycosis, particularly CNS involvement.
• To highlight the utility of MRI in diagnosing CNS coccidioidomycosis in dogs.
• To discuss therapeutic strategies and obstacles in managing this fungal infection in canines.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of canine coccidioidomycosis, focusing on clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
• Analysis of diagnostic modalities, including the role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
• Evaluation of current treatment protocols, including antifungal and supportive therapies.

Main Results:

• CNS coccidioidomycosis in dogs commonly presents with seizures.
• Serology and prior disease history are unreliable indicators for CNS involvement.
• MRI is a valuable diagnostic tool for canine CNS coccidioidomycosis.
• Long-term antifungal medication is essential for treatment.
• Supportive care and adjunctive therapies (glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants) improve patient outcomes.

Conclusions:

• Canine coccidioidomycosis, especially CNS forms, requires prompt diagnosis and management.
• MRI significantly aids in diagnosing CNS coccidioidomycosis in dogs.
• Effective treatment involves long-term antifungal therapy, supportive care, and addressing challenges like owner compliance and cost.