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Related Concept Videos

Hematopoiesis01:21

Hematopoiesis

8.9K
The process of blood cell formation is called hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis starts early during development, on the seventh day of embryogenesis. This phase of hematopoiesis is called the primitive wave, wherein the extraembryonic yolk sac allows the production of erythroid cells and endothelial cells from a common precursor called hemangioblast. The erythroid cells provide oxygen to support the growth of the rapidly dividing embryo. Hemangioblasts later develop into hematopoietic stem cells or...
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Overview of Hematopoiesis01:20

Overview of Hematopoiesis

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Hematopoiesis, or blood cell production, is a vital biological process that begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout life. This process generates the various types of cells found in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Developmental Phases of Hematopoiesis
Initially, HSCs are formed in the embryonic yolk sac, a critical site for early blood cell production. These stem cells subsequently migrate to other...
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

16.0K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
16.0K
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

8.2K
In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential and Kidney Failure in Chronic Kidney Disease: An East Asian Cohort Study.

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Related Experiment Video

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Bone Marrow Transplantation Procedures in Mice to Study Clonal Hematopoiesis
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Bone Marrow Transplantation Procedures in Mice to Study Clonal Hematopoiesis

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Clonal hematopoiesis: Pre-cancer PLUS.

Alexander J Silver1, Siddhartha Jaiswal2

  • 1Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.

Advances in Cancer Research
|January 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Clonal hematopoiesis, common in older adults, involves blood stem cell mutations. These pre-cancerous changes increase leukemia and cardiovascular disease risks, especially with certain gene mutations.

Keywords:
AMLCHIPClonal hematopoiesisHSCMDSSomatic mutation

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Genetics
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is an age-related expansion of blood cells with somatic mutations.
  • It affects over 10% of individuals aged 70+, originating from mutated hematopoietic stem cells.
  • CH mutations often occur in genes also implicated in leukemia, such as DNMT3A, TET2, ASXL1, JAK2, and TP53.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the phenomenon of clonal hematopoiesis.
  • To discuss its association with increased risks of hematologic malignancies and cardiovascular disease.
  • To highlight the impact of prior cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiation on CH development.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review based on existing literature.
  • Analysis of genetic mutations associated with CH.
  • Correlation of CH with clinical outcomes and disease associations.

Main Results:

  • CH is prevalent in aging populations and can persist for years.
  • Carriers have a 0.5-1% annual risk of leukemic transformation, with TP53 and U2AF1 mutations conferring higher risk.
  • CH is linked to increased cardiovascular disease risk, potentially via inflammation and atherosclerosis.
  • Prior chemotherapy/radiation increases CH risk, particularly mutations in TP53 and PPM1D, which may drive secondary malignancies.
  • CH is also associated with diabetes, chronic pulmonary disease, and aplastic anemia.

Conclusions:

  • Clonal hematopoiesis is a significant, age-related condition with implications beyond hematologic malignancies.
  • It represents a pre-cancerous state conferring increased risks for leukemia and cardiovascular disease.
  • Further research is needed to uncover additional disease associations and understand the underlying mechanisms.