Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Antimicrobials as Antidiarrheal Agents01:18

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Antimicrobials as Antidiarrheal Agents

468
Acute diarrhea, a common gastrointestinal disturbance, is characterized by the rapid evacuation of fluid stools, leading to an excessive weight in fluid. This condition typically arises from disorders affecting intestinal water and electrolyte transport. It can be triggered by an increased osmotic load within the intestine, excessive secretion of electrolytes and water, mucosal exudation of protein and fluid, or altered intestinal motility. The primary risks of acute diarrhea are dehydration...
468
Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

3.3K
Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
3.3K
Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

989
The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
989
Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

14.3K
Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
14.3K
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.9K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.9K
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

3.8K
Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group...
3.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A Pathology-Instructed Theranostic Platform with Mechanoadaptive and ROS-Powered Nanobreathing Functions for Precision Myocardial Repair.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

Universal Base-Catalyzed Aza-Michael Addition: A General Platform for Transforming Polyurethanes into High-Performance Injectable Thermogels.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Visible Light Photo-Cross-Linked Thermogel─A Single-Component Hybrid Supramolecular-Covalent Hydrogel for Sustained Drug Release.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same author

Designing MOF-Thermogel Nanocomposites for Differential Multidrug Release in Combination Cancer Therapy.

ACS applied nano materials·2026
Same author

Electrochemomics Profiling Metabolic Dynamics in Biofluids.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

High-Entropy Materials Chemistry for Electrochemical Energy Storage.

Chemical reviews·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
08:30

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Published on: March 19, 2017

17.2K

Cationic Poly([R]-3-hydroxybutyrate) Copolymers as Antimicrobial Agents.

Sing Shy Liow1, Pei Lin Chee1, Cally Owh1

  • 1Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore, 138634.

Macromolecular Bioscience
|January 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study functionalized Poly([R]-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) into cationic copolymers with antimicrobial properties. Star-shaped PHB copolymers demonstrated enhanced effectiveness against bacteria and synergistic effects with antibiotics.

Keywords:
antimicrobial copolymerbiodegradablestructure-activity relationshiptransesterificationwater soluble

More Related Videos

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions
10:53

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

Published on: October 10, 2016

14.6K
Synthesis of Ligand-free CdS Nanoparticles within a Sulfur Copolymer Matrix
09:15

Synthesis of Ligand-free CdS Nanoparticles within a Sulfur Copolymer Matrix

Published on: May 1, 2016

9.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
08:30

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Published on: March 19, 2017

17.2K
Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions
10:53

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

Published on: October 10, 2016

14.6K
Synthesis of Ligand-free CdS Nanoparticles within a Sulfur Copolymer Matrix
09:15

Synthesis of Ligand-free CdS Nanoparticles within a Sulfur Copolymer Matrix

Published on: May 1, 2016

9.9K

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Antimicrobial Agents

Background:

  • Poly([R]-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is a sustainable and biocompatible natural polyester with potential as a biomaterial.
  • Functionalization of PHB can lead to diverse platform chain architectures for novel copolymers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize functionalized PHB copolymers with antimicrobial properties.
  • To investigate the antimicrobial activity, mechanism of action, and resistance potential of these novel materials.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of linear and star-shaped PHB oligomers via transesterification.
  • Copolymerization with 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and quaternization with benzyl bromide.
  • Evaluation of antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including membrane interaction studies, resistance testing, and synergy with antibiotics.

Main Results:

  • Cationic PHB copolymers exhibited significant antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.24-0.65 µmol dm⁻³.
  • Star-shaped PHB copolymers showed enhanced membrane disruption capabilities compared to linear counterparts.
  • Synergistic antimicrobial effects were observed when quaternized PHB derivatives were combined with tobramycin.
  • No multipassage resistance was observed in either linear or star derivatives against Gram-negative bacteria after 20 passages.

Conclusions:

  • Functionalized PHB copolymers represent a promising class of antimicrobial agents.
  • Architectural modification, specifically star-shaped structures, can enhance antimicrobial efficacy.
  • The developed PHB copolymers offer a potential solution for combating bacterial infections without rapid resistance development.