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Related Concept Videos

Review and Preview01:10

Review and Preview

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...
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Review and Preview01:13

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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

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Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
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Hepatic Portal System01:21

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The hepatic portal system, a critical part of our circulatory framework, transports nutrient-laden, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This ingenious system plays an indispensable role in maintaining our body's metabolic equilibrium.
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

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Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
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The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
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Related Experiment Video

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Murine Bioluminescent Hepatic Tumour Model
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An eye on hepatitis C: a review.

Romero Henrique Carvalho Bertrand1, Adriana Leite Xavier Bertrand2, Thais Mota Gomes3

  • 1Departamento de Medicina II, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil.

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Ophthalmologists should be aware of eye conditions that signal hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Newer antiviral drugs offer safer treatment options for HCV compared to older interferon therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Ocular manifestations can be early indicators of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection.
  • HCV progression significantly impacts ophthalmological practice, both clinically and surgically.
  • Ophthalmologists face a risk of infection due to the presence of HCV in ocular structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To alert ophthalmologists to ocular signs associated with HCV diagnosis.
  • To review the ocular effects of both traditional and novel HCV treatments.
  • To discuss the risk of HCV transmission within ophthalmology settings.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ocular consequences of HCV infection.
  • Analysis of ophthalmological implications of HCV progression.
  • Comparison of side effect profiles for older (interferon-based) and newer (direct-acting antiviral) HCV drugs.

Main Results:

  • Early diagnosis and treatment of HCV are crucial for patient outcomes and clinical practice.
  • Newer direct-acting antiviral drugs demonstrate fewer ocular side effects than interferon-based treatments.
  • Evidence suggests HCV can be present in ocular tissues, posing a contamination risk.

Conclusions:

  • Ophthalmologists must recognize ocular signs indicative of HCV infection.
  • Direct-acting antivirals represent a safer therapeutic option for HCV patients with ocular involvement.
  • Awareness of HCV transmission risks is essential for ophthalmologists.