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Gender and Health: Beyond Binary Categorical Measurement
Chloe Grace Hart1, Aliya Saperstein1, Devon Magliozzi1
11 Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Journal of Health and Social Behavior
|January 31, 2019
Summary
Masculinity benefits cisgender men's health, while femininity benefits cisgender women's health. Gender nonconformity is linked to worse health when perceived inaccurately, highlighting gender's complex relationship with well-being.
Area of Science:
- Sociology
- Health Psychology
- Gender Studies
Background:
- Traditional research often links feminine traits to better health and masculine traits to poorer health.
- Existing studies may oversimplify the complex relationship between gender and self-rated health.
- A nuanced understanding of gender's multifaceted nature is needed to accurately assess its health implications.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between multiple measures of gender and self-rated health in a US national sample.
- To examine how gender identification, perceived gender, and gender nonconformity relate to health outcomes.
- To disentangle the bidirectional influence of gender enactments on health perceptions and vice versa.
Main Methods:
- Utilized data from a US national online survey of 1,508 participants.
- Employed multiple measures of gender, including self-identification and reflected appraisals.
- Analyzed associations between various gender indicators and self-rated health status.
Main Results:
- Masculinity correlated with better self-rated health in cisgender men.
- Femininity correlated with better self-rated health in cisgender women.
- Perceived gender nonconformity was associated with worse self-rated health, but only when it contradicted self-identification. Reflected appraisals showed the strongest health association for cisgender women.
Conclusions:
- Multiple gender measures reveal complex associations between gender enactments and self-rated health.
- Gender identification and perceptions significantly influence health, with varying effects across gender identities.
- This study underscores the importance of considering diverse gender expressions and perceptions in health research.
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