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Related Concept Videos

What are Cells?01:07

What are Cells?

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Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, e.g., in humans. No matter what organism a cell is a part of, they share specific characteristics.
Basic Characteristics of Cells
A living cell has a plasma membrane, a bilayer of lipids that separates the aqueous solution inside the cell called the cytoplasm from the outside environment.
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What are Cells?01:15

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Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium, or trillions of them, e.g., in humans. No matter what organism a cell is a part of, they share specific characteristics.
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What is Cell Signaling?02:03

What is Cell Signaling?

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.
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Concentration Cells02:41

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A concentration cell is a type of a  voltaic cell constructed by connecting two almost identical half-cells, both based on the same half-reaction and using the same electrode, differing only in the concentration of one redox species. A concentration cell's potential, therefore, is determined only by the concentration difference of the particular redox species.
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Chemistry of the Cell02:58

Chemistry of the Cell

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The cell is chemically composed of water, organic molecules and inorganic ions.
Water
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Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection and Detection
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Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection and Detection

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[Merkel cell carcinoma].

Christina Drusio1, Jürgen C Becker2,3,4,5, Dirk Schadendorf2,4,5

  • 1Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Deutschland. christina.drusio@uk-essen.de.

Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, Und Verwandte Gebiete
|February 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare, aggressive skin cancer. Advanced cases respond well to PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors, offering durable effectiveness unlike short-lived chemotherapy.

Keywords:
ImmunotherapyPolyomavirusPrognosisSentinel lymph node biopsySkin neoplasms

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer predominantly affecting older individuals.
  • Pathogenesis involves immunosuppression, chronic UV exposure, and Merkel cell polyomavirus.
  • MCC presents as a cutaneous or subcutaneous nodule, often with early lymphogenic metastasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and current treatment strategies for Merkel cell carcinoma.
  • To highlight the efficacy of novel systemic therapies for advanced MCC.
  • To provide an overview of management options for locoregional and metastatic disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on Merkel cell carcinoma.
  • Analysis of treatment outcomes for surgical, radiotherapeutic, and systemic modalities.
  • Evaluation of emerging therapies, including immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Approximately 30% of MCC cases present with locoregional metastases at diagnosis.
  • Frequent local recurrences and distant metastases occur within 2-3 years post-diagnosis.
  • Checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis demonstrate high and durable efficacy in advanced MCC, surpassing chemotherapy response rates.

Conclusions:

  • Complete surgical removal with wide margins and sentinel lymph node biopsy are primary treatments.
  • Adjuvant radiotherapy to the primary site and regional lymph nodes can reduce recurrence rates.
  • Immunotherapy with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors represents a significant advancement in systemic treatment for advanced Merkel cell carcinoma.