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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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The perpendicular-axis theorem states that the moment of inertia of a planar object about an axis perpendicular to its plane is equal to the sum of the moments of inertia about two mutually perpendicular concurrent axes lying in the plane of the body.
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The parallel-axis theorem provides a convenient and quick method of finding the moment of inertia of an object about an axis parallel to the axis passing through its center of mass. Consider a thin rod as an example. There is a striking similarity between the process of finding the moment of inertia of a thin rod about an axis through its middle, where the center of mass lies, and about an axis through its end using the conventional method. In the conventional method, the concept of linear mass...
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In structural engineering, the analysis of beams subjected to varying loads is a critical aspect of understanding the behavior and performance of these structural elements. A common scenario involves a beam subjected to a combination of different load distributions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

A Gut-on-a-Chip Model to Study the Gut Microbiome-Nervous System Axis
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Exercise influence on the microbiome-gut-brain axis.

Alyssa Dalton1, Christine Mermier1, Micah Zuhl1

  • 1Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA.

Gut Microbes
|February 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The gut microbiome influences health via the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Aerobic exercise may enhance gut bacteria diversity, positively impacting gut and brain health.

Keywords:
Exercisebraingutmicrobiome–gut–brain axisprobiotics

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Health

Background:

  • The gut microbiome comprises diverse bacteria crucial for host health.
  • Imbalances in gut bacteria diversity are linked to gastrointestinal and psychological issues.
  • The microbiome-gut-brain axis describes gut-brain communication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the microbiome-gut-brain axis communication pathway.
  • To examine exercise's role in modulating this axis.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing research.
  • Focuses on the impact of aerobic exercise on gut microbiota composition.
  • Examines the link between exercise, gut bacteria, and brain function.

Main Results:

  • Aerobic exercise has been shown to increase the diversity and abundance of specific bacterial genera, such as Firmicutes.
  • These microbial changes may mediate the beneficial effects of exercise on the gut and brain.

Conclusions:

  • The microbiome-gut-brain axis is a significant pathway for health and disease.
  • Aerobic exercise presents a potential intervention to positively influence the gut microbiome and, consequently, gut and brain health.