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Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
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The neuronal supply to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essential for regulating various functions, including digestion, absorption, and movement of food. This intricate network of nerves is known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), often referred to as the "second brain" of the body.
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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part I01:14

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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Update on Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors.

Anthony P Martinez1, Karen J Fritchie1

  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

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|February 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Recent studies show SMARCB1/INI1 loss in epithelioid schwannomas and evaluate histone H3K27 trimethylation for diagnosing malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. New classifications aid neurofibromatosis type 1 tumor management.

Keywords:
Epithelioid schwannomaH3K27me3Nerve sheath tumorsSMARCB1/INI1

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pathology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Epithelioid schwannomas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) represent challenging diagnoses.
  • Immunohistochemical markers and updated classifications are crucial for accurate tumor assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the diagnosis and classification of peripheral nerve sheath tumors.
  • To highlight the significance of SMARCB1/INI1 loss and histone H3K27 trimethylation in tumor grading.
  • To discuss new terminology for nerve sheath tumors in neurofibromatosis type 1.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemistry for SMARCB1/INI1.
  • Evaluation of histone H3K27 trimethylation utility.
  • Review of conference-based classification updates for neurofibromatosis type 1.

Main Results:

  • SMARCB1/INI1 loss identified in a subset of epithelioid schwannomas.
  • Histone H3K27 trimethylation shows utility and limitations in MPNST grading.
  • Revised terminology proposed for neurofibromatosis type 1 nerve sheath tumors.

Conclusions:

  • Novel findings enhance diagnostic accuracy for peripheral nerve sheath tumors.
  • Practical applications of immunohistochemistry and updated classifications improve patient management.
  • Continued research is vital for refining the understanding and treatment of these neoplasms.