Challenges in creating dissectible anatomical 3D prints for surgical teaching

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Surgical Education
• Additive Manufacturing

Background:

• Three-dimensional (3D) printing, or additive manufacturing, is integral to surgical planning and training.
• Existing 3D printed models lack accurate haptic feedback, biomechanics, and realistic visuals crucial for surgical simulation.
• Effective surgical training demands models that accurately represent the biomechanical properties of human tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and evaluate the current biomechanical literature relevant to human tissues.
• To correlate this knowledge with the development of high-fidelity 3D printed surgical training models.
• To identify challenges and opportunities in creating advanced surgical simulation tools.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of biomechanical properties of human tissues.
• Correlation of biomechanical data with requirements for 3D printed surgical models.
• Evaluation of current 3D printing capabilities for replicating tissue characteristics.

Main Results:

• Current 3D printing technologies are insufficient to replicate critical qualities of human tissues.
• Significant gaps exist in achieving accurate haptic feedback and biomechanical fidelity in training models.
• Multi-material printing capabilities are essential for future advancements.

Conclusions:

• Further technological advancements in 3D printing are necessary to create realistic surgical training models.
• Developing multi-material printing is key to achieving the required mechanical properties of human tissues.
• High-fidelity 3D printed models with accurate biomechanics are not yet attainable but represent a critical future goal.