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Related Concept Videos

System of Memory01:23

System of Memory

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Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...
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Working Memory01:24

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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

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Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
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Traumatic Memory01:20

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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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Repressed Memory01:16

Repressed Memory

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Repressed memories are a psychological phenomenon where memories of traumatic events are unconsciously blocked from a person's awareness. This process occurs as a defense mechanism, protecting the mind from the emotional impact of distressing or painful experiences. For example, a person who has experienced childhood trauma may grow up with no conscious recollection of the event. In such cases, the memories are thought to be buried deep within the subconscious, inaccessible to the conscious...
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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
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Adaptive memory: Source memory is positively associated with adaptive social decision making.

Marie Luisa Schaper1, Laura Mieth1, Raoul Bell1

  • 1Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Cognition
|February 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Good source memory helps people make better social decisions. This study found that individuals with stronger source memory cooperated more with cooperative partners and less with cheaters in a game, demonstrating adaptive behavior.

Keywords:
Adaptive memoryMemory and decision makingMultinomial processing tree modelsReciprocal cooperationSource monitoring

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Behavioral Economics
  • Evolutionary Psychology

Background:

  • The adaptive memory framework posits memory's primary role is future behavior guidance, not past reliving.
  • Empirically studying memory's fitness benefits is challenging.
  • Social cooperation offers a tractable model for linking memory types to adaptive decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the link between source memory and adaptive decision-making in social cooperation.
  • To test predictions derived from the adaptive memory framework within a Prisoner's Dilemma game.

Main Methods:

  • Participants engaged in a Prisoner's Dilemma game to assess cooperative behavior.
  • Source-monitoring tests were administered to evaluate memory performance.
  • Hierarchical multinomial processing tree modeling was used to estimate memory parameters (recognition, source memory, guessing).

Main Results:

  • Participants exhibited adaptive decision-making, with cooperation influenced by partners' past behavior.
  • Stronger source memory correlated positively with adaptive cooperation: more cooperation with cooperators, less with cheaters.
  • Memory guessing showed no significant relationship with cooperation levels.

Conclusions:

  • Source memory plays a crucial role in adaptive decision-making within social contexts.
  • The findings support the adaptive memory framework's emphasis on memory's role in future-oriented behavior.
  • Individual differences in source memory capacity can predict social decision-making strategies.