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Related Concept Videos

Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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The position of an object defines its location relative to a convenient frame of reference at any particular time. A frame of reference is an arbitrary set of axes from which the position and motion of an object are described. Earth is often used as a frame of reference, and we often describe the position of an object as it relates to stationary objects on Earth. For example, a rocket launch could be described in terms of the position of the rocket with respect to Earth as a whole. On the other...
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The serial position effect is a cognitive phenomenon where individuals are more likely to recall the first and last items in a list compared to those in the middle. This effect is divided into the primacy effect and the recency effect. The primacy effect is observed when the initial items in a list are remembered better. This occurs because these items are rehearsed more frequently or receive more elaborative processing, allowing them to be encoded into long-term memory more effectively. For...
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A position vector is a fundamental concept in mathematics that helps determine the position of one point with respect to another point in space. It is a vector that describes the direction and distance between two points. Position vectors are highly useful in the field of math and science, as they help represent spatial relationships and make calculations easier.
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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Generation of Tumor Organoids from Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Prostate Cancer
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Moderately Hypofractionated Radiotherapy in Node-positive Prostate Cancer.

I Mallick1, A Das1, M Arunsingh1

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India.

Clinical Oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain))
|February 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Hypofractionated radiotherapy combined with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) offers effective treatment for node-positive prostate cancer, demonstrating high survival rates and manageable side effects. Initial response to ADT is a key predictor of treatment success.

Keywords:
Hypofractionated radiotherapynode-positiveprostate cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Urologic Oncology

Background:

  • Node-positive prostate cancer requires tailored treatment strategies.
  • Hypofractionated radiotherapy for this subgroup is not widely reported.
  • Varied practices exist regarding locoregional treatment for node-positive disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of hypofractionated radiotherapy in node-positive prostate cancer patients.
  • To assess biochemical control and survival rates in this patient cohort.
  • To determine the impact of initial androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) response on outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 61 node-positive prostate cancer patients treated between 2011 and 2016.
  • All patients received long-term ADT and hypofractionated radiotherapy (predominantly 60 Gy/20 fractions).
  • Toxicity assessed using RTOG criteria; biochemical control and survival analyzed with Kaplan-Meier statistics.

Main Results:

  • Excellent 4-year biochemical control rate of 77.5% and overall survival of 91%.
  • Acceptable rates of late grade 2+ gastrointestinal (13.1%) and genitourinary (18%) toxicities; no grade 4 toxicities.
  • Patients with residual nodal disease after ADT showed significantly worse biochemical control (53.9% vs. 93.1% at 4 years).

Conclusions:

  • Moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy with long-term ADT is a feasible and effective treatment for node-positive prostate cancer.
  • This approach yields excellent 4-year biochemical control and acceptable toxicity.
  • Response to initial ADT is a significant predictor of long-term outcomes.