[Opportunistic mycoses of ENT organs. Part 1]

Area of Science:

• Otorhinolaryngology
• Mycology
• Immunology

Background:

• Opportunistic fungal infections are increasing, with mycosis being a primary concern in the upper respiratory tract and ears.
• Exogenous and endogenous risk factors contribute to the rising incidence of these infections.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review diseases of the upper respiratory tract and ears caused by opportunistic fungi.
• To detail the main pathogens, pathogenetic factors, and host immune responses involved in ENT mycosis.

Main Methods:

• Literature review summarizing current knowledge on opportunistic fungal infections of the ENT organs.
• Analysis of etiological factors, pathogenic mechanisms, and immunological responses.

Main Results:

• Candida species, particularly Candida albicans, are the most common cause of ENT mycosis (64.65%).
• Aspergillus niger is the leading mold species implicated in ENT mycosis.
• Fungal properties like adhesion and invasive growth facilitate a spectrum of lesions from superficial to deep invasive processes.

Conclusions:

• Fungal pathogens pose a significant threat to the upper respiratory tract and ears, necessitating a thorough understanding of their biology and host interactions.
• Effective management requires knowledge of anti-colonial and antifungal immunity mechanisms.